• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.222-229
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the residual characteristics of azoxystrobin in fresh ginseng and calculate its processing factors in processed products, such as dried ginseng, red ginseng and their extracts. Azoxystrobin was sprayed annually onto four-year-old ginseng according to its pre-harvest interval (PHI) for two years. Harvested ginsengs were processed according to the commercially well-qualified conventional methods provided by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Limits of detection (LODs) of azoxystrobin in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.001 and 0.002 mg/kg, respectively. Also limits of quantitation (LOQs) in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.003 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of the analytical methods in fresh ginseng and its processed products ranged from 69.3 to 114.8%. Highest residue amounts in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.025 and 0.118 mg/kg, respectively. Processing factors of the processed products ranged from 1.85 to 3.17 in four-year-old ginseng and from 2.48 to 5.84 five-year-old ginseng.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 2009

Pseudocercospora leaf spot was major disease of grape cultivar 'Campbell Early' in Korea. Leaf spot first appeared in early June and rapidly dispersed to other leaves through rainy season. Disease progress of leaf spot by Pseudocercospora vitis in plastic green house, in the two provinces (Gimje and Gimcheon), were investigated in 2007. Differences of Infected leaves (%) between cultivation systems were observed in field and plastic green house, but there was no difference between provinces. Micro environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity, were correlated with infected leaves by PROC REG procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System). As a result, regression model best described ($R^2=0.95^{**}$) the infected leaves as a function of the interaction of cumulated temperatures; Y (Infected leaves)=-7.0101+0.0496$\times$20Hcum (Cumulated hour above 20 degree)+0.0208$\times$20cum (Cumulated temperature above 20 degree)-0.2781$\times$25Hcum (Cumulated hour above 25 degree). A statistics model was shown that cumulated hour and temperature above specific degree were critical factor for Pseudocercospora leaf spot on the grapevine leaves in plastic green house.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2016

We investigated the diversity pattern of spring moths across two regions of South Korea, Yongin city (middle part) and Muan gun (southern part) and the effects of climatic variables on moth species richness and abundance. Moths were weekly collected using UV light trap in April from 2013 to 2015. Climatic factors included growth degree day with base temperature 8 (GDD8), average temperature, precipitation, duration of sunshine, wind speed, and snow cover. The climatic effects on moth species richness and abundance were analyzed by short (0~3 weeks before collecting) and long (4~12 weeks before collecting) time periods, respectively. The diversity of spring moths showed the similar pattern of species composition at family level. However the dominant family differed depending on the region: Geometridae at middle part and Noctuidae at southern part. In addition the dominant species of Noctuidae occurred early in April and that of Geometridae moths occurred later in April. Three short-term climatic factors, GDD8, duration of sunshine, and precipitation one week before collecting were significant on moth species richness and abundance, while only one long-term climatic factor, temperature four weeks before collecting was significantly affected on moth species richness. We found that both Geometridae and Noctuidae were dominant in spring moth fauna across South Korea and they were different in the dominance and flying time in April. The occurrences of spring moths were largely affected by warmness and precipitation. The current global warming could affect the occurrence of spring moths and this should be monitored consistently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2016

This study aims to develop a framework to estimate mobile source emissions with the macroscopic travel demand model including enhanced estimates of intra-zonal travel emissions using Space Syntax analysis. It is acknowledged that "the land-use and transportation interaction model explains the influence of urban structure on accessibility and mobility pattern". Based upon this theory, the estimation model of intra-zonal travel emissions is presented with the models of total travel distance, total travel demand, and average travel speed of intra-zonal trips. Thess statistical models include several spatial indices derived from the Space Syntax analysis. It explains that urban spatial structure is a critical factor for intra-zonal travel emissions, which is lower in compact zone with smaller portion of land area, lower sprawl indicator, and more grid-type of road network. Also the suggested framework is applied in the evaluation of the effectiveness of bicycle lane project in Suwon, Korea. The estimated emissions including intra-zonal travel is as double as the results only with inter-zonal demands, which shows better performance of the suggested framework for more realistic outcomes. This framework is applicable to the estimation of mobile source emissions in nation-wide and the assessment of transportation-environment policies in regional level.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.696-704
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• 2005

This experiment examined the effect of Samultang-gamibang (SGB) on hair growth in spontaneous alopecia areata C57BL/6N mice. We first investigated hair growth effect of SGB compare to control groups after apply to oral administration for 10 weeks and regional treatment in skin for last 4 weeks. We second investigated the number of hair follicle and mast cells after treatment of SGB in spontaneous alopecia areata C57BL/6N mice for 10 weeks. We third investigated immunoreactive density of neuropeptides in skin of spontaneous alopecia areata C57BL/6N mice by immunohistochemical methods. The results were as follows : Hair growing effect of experimental group was observed from 7 weeks after administration of SGB (87.5%). In experimental group, the number of mast cells and eosinophils was significantly decreased compare to control group. Immunoreactive density of substance P and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in skin of experimental group was weakly stained in epidermis and subcutaneous tissue compare to control group. Immunoreactive density of CRF-receptor (CRF-R), CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP) in skin of experimental group was increased in epidermis, sebaceous gland, inner root sheath, outer root sheath and secondary hair germ epithelium compare to control group. These results suggest that SGB may be used in treatment of alopecia areata.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.181-194
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• 2017

While over 90 percent of fishways are made up with concrete material, nature-like fishways are started to be established as a form of small stream using natural materials. Recently, the central government in collaboration with a university has proposed a 'Standard Model of Nature-like Fishway' with a purpose to provide as a national design standard of nature-like fishway. This study aims to criticize the proposed design model of nature-like fishway and to propose improvements by examining other international cases. As a result, we found problems and limitations of the proposed design model due to the lack of research and experience about making nature-like fishway in Korea. Especially, for designing bypass nature-like fishway we found the lack of studies about structure management strategies, establishment of rocks or pebbles inside the stream, and natural materials. In this sense, more studies about nature-like fishway design adaptable to our environment need to be conducted. In addition, since the proposed design standard for nature-like fishway has been created based on the limited examination of existing domestic cases, it is desirable to improve the design standard on the basis of hydrological and biological research so that they could be adapted effectively to regional and local contexts.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

If the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent is the market interest rate or the landlord's expected return, then the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent in the country should be the same. However, the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent has always been higher than the market interest rate. This study identifies the supply cost components of rental housing as a risk premium in the presence of current housing prices, market interest rates, depreciation costs, holding taxes, and leases, and identifies the relationship between the current housing prices and each factor. Housing rent is expressed as the current price. This overcomes the shortcomings that implicitly assume fluctuations in housing prices or do not include current housing prices in the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent. This study found that the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent is the required rate of return or required rate of renter, not market interest rate, by expressing the supply cost of rental housing as a combination of components. This not only explained the fact that the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent was always higher than the market interest rate, but also explained the regional differences. It also explained why the conversion rate of jeonse price to monthly rent varies by type of housing.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.437-449
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed an effect of area-environmental factor on breast cancer screening rates using multi-level analysis. It was intended for the KNHANES-IV. Total subjects were 14338. Among them, 4143 subjects met the inclusion criteria. When we applied only empty Model, a variance of breast cancer screening rates was 0.061 in each region. When we applied Model with individual level variables, the variance was 0.034. However, when we applied both Model with individual level variables and Model with area level variables, the variance was 0.023. We drew applied only individual level variables parallel applied 3 regional variances which could explain variance of inspection of breast cancer up to 18.04% compared with applied only individual level variables. Area level variables could reduce a variance of region. This means besides individual level variables. The group can share a same thing and can effect to breast cancer screening rates. We need to discover factors which area level variables and suggest that make a standard for inspection of breast cancer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2018

In this study, we developed the Soil Moisture Data Assimilation (SMDA) scheme to extract Effective Soil Characteristics-ESC (Sand, Silt, Clay %) from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. The SMDA scheme was applied to the MODIS-based Soil Moisture (SM) data during the summer (July to September) period. Then the ESC and soil erosion factors (K) were predicted, respectively. Several numerical experiments were conducted to test the performance of SMDA at the study sites under the synthetic and field validation conditions. In the synthetic experiment, the estimated soil moistures values(R: >0.990 and RMSE: <0.005) were identified well with the synthetic observations. The field validation results at the Bangdongri and Chungmicheon sites were also comparable to the TDR-based measurements with the statistics (R: 0.772/0.000 and RMSE: 0.065/0.000). The estimated ESC values were also matched well with the measurements for the synthetic and field validation conditions. Then we tested the SMDA scheme to extract the ESC from the MODIS-based soil moisture products. Although uncertainties exist in the results, the estimated soil moisture and ESC based on the SMDA were comparable to the measurements. Overall, the K factors were similarly distributed based on the derived ESC. Also, the K factors in the mountainous regions were higher than those of the relatively flat areas. Thus, the newly developed SMDA scheme can be useful to estimate spatially and temporally-distributed soil erosion and establish soil erosion management plans.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to (a) analyze local citizens' perception of a local company, the Gwangyang Steel and Iron Company (GSIC); (b) compare the perception toward the local company with that of national citizens' perceptions towards many other unspecified companies, which were surveyed biannually by The Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI); and (c) analyze how such companies evaluate perceptions towards them, in relation to citizens' socioeconomic position, such as their education status. Research design, data, methodology - The data were collected using a questionnaire, which was given to a sample of local citizens in cities. To test the hypotheses, factor analyses, a t-test, and an ANOVA were conducted. The total number of respondents was 1798. The data gathered from the respondents of the sample were analyzed using SPSS Win 19.0 software. Perception towards the company was evaluated on the corporate favorite index (CFI). The CFI index shows how positive citizens feel towards a company. It is calculated using five leading factors, consisting of the following: contribution to the economy, productivity, international competitiveness, social contribution, and ethical management. The higher the level of positive feelings exhibited, the closer the index will come to 100. Results - As a result of the analysis, the CFI index towards the GSIC stood at 67.3. The CFI index towards the company is 16.5 points higher than that of the index towards the many other unspecified companies, which were surveyed by the bi-annual KCCI study in the first half of 2011. The other five indexes stood as follows: contribution to the economy, productivity, social contribution, and ethical management was 69.2, 71.2, 64.6, and 58.6, respectively. These indexes are 18.3, 4.6, 27.6, and 35.6, respectively, higher than those found by the KCCI study. However, international competitiveness is 73.0 (9.8 points lower than that of the KCCI study). This survey thus shows that the CFI of the local citizens towards the global company GSIC is very high when compared with the CFI index towards the many other unspecified companies that was determined by the KCCI survey. Conclusions - This survey shows that local citizens have high expectations of economic activity, increasing working opportunities, and regional cooperation projects from the local company, GSIC. In addition, the CFI index towards GSIC evaluates results depending on the respondent's relationship with the company, and their educational status. Respondents, whose family or relatives were working as employees of GSIC, have relatively positive perceptions of GSIC, and respondents with a relatively higher educational status also share positive perceptions. Local citizens expect the profit-making of the company to operate in accordance with management activities, and at the same time, they expect that the wealth generated by the company will return to wider society.