• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2004

Monitoring is used to see if a real-time system provides a service on time. Generally, monitoring for real-time focuses on investigating the current status of a real-time system. To support a stable performance of a real-time system, it should have not only a function to see the current status of real-time process but also a function to predict executions of real-time processes, however. The legacy prediction model has some limitation to apply it to a real-time monitoring. First, it performs a static prediction after a real-time process finished. Second, it needs a statistical pre-analysis before a prediction. Third, transition probability and data about clustering is not based on the current data. We propose the execution prediction model based on learning algorithm to solve these problems and apply it to real-time monitoring. This model gets rid of unnecessary pre-processing and supports a precise prediction based on current data. In addition, this supports multi-level prediction by a trend analysis of past execution data. Most of all, We designed the model to support dynamic prediction which is performed within a real-time process' execution. The results from some experiments show that the judgment accuracy is greater than 80% if the size of a training set is set to over 10, and, in the case of the multi-level prediction, that the prediction difference of the multi-level prediction is minimized if the number of execution is bigger than the size of a training set. The execution prediction model proposed in this model has some limitation that the model used the most simplest learning algorithm and that it didn't consider the multi-regional space model managing CPU, memory and I/O data. The execution prediction model based on a learning algorithm proposed in this paper is used in some areas related to real-time monitoring and control.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-124
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• 1997

Purpose: To assess the utility of magnetic resonance(MR) cerebral blood volume (CBV) map in the evaluation of brain tumors. Materials and Methods: We performed perfusion MR imaing preoperatively in the consecutive IS patients with intracranial masses(3 meningiomas, 2 glioblastoma multiformes, 3 low grade gliomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 germinoma, 1 neurocytoma, 1 metastasis, 2 abscesses, 1 radionecrosis). The average age of the patients was 42 years (22yr -68yr), composed of 10 males and S females. All MR images were obtained at l.ST imager(Signa, CE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). The regional CBV map was obtained on the theoretical basis of susceptibility difference induced by first pass circulation of contrast media. (contrast media: IScc of gadopentate dimeglumine, about 2ml/sec by hand, starting at 10 second after first baseline scan). For each patient, a total of 480 images (6 slices, 80 images/slice in 160 sec) were obtained by using gradient echo(CE) single shot echo-planar image(EPI) sequence (TR 2000ms, TE SOms, flip angle $90^{\circ}$, FOV $240{\times}240mm,{\;}matrix{\;}128{\times}128$, slice-thick/gap S/2.S). After data collection, the raw data were transferred to CE workstation and rCBV maps were generated from the numerical integration of ${\Delta}R2^{*} on a voxel by voxel basis, with home made software (${\Delta}R2^{*}=-ln (S/SO)/TE). For easy visual interpretation, relative RCB color coding with reference to the normal white matter was applied and color rCBV maps were obtained. The findings of perfusion MR image were retrospectively correlated with Cd-enhanced images with focus on the degree and extent of perfusion and contrast enhancement. Results: Two cases of glioblastoma multiforme with rim enhancement on Cd-enhanced Tl weighted image showed increased perfusion in the peripheral rim and decreased perfusion in the central necrosis portion. The low grade gliomas appeared as a low perfusion area with poorly defined margin. In 2 cases of brain abscess, the degree of perfusion was similar to that of the normal white matter in the peripheral enhancing rim and was low in the central portion. All meningiomas showed diffuse homogeneous increased perfusion of moderate or high degree. One each of lymphoma and germinoma showed homogenously decreased perfusion with well defined margin. The central neurocytoma showed multifocal increased perfusion areas of moderate or high degree. A few nodules of the multiple metastasis showed increased perfusion of moderate degree. One radionecrosis revealed multiple foci of increased perfusion within the area of decreased perfusion. Conclusion: The rCBV map appears to correlate well with the perfusion state of brain tumor, and may be helpful in discrimination between low grade and high grade gliomas. The further study is needed to clarify the role of perfusion MR image in the evaluation of brain tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.417-425
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• 2018

The psychological anxiety of radiologists, as well as the patients, is growing with the increasing use of CT contrast agent side effects and the process of extravasation. In this study, a satisfaction survey was conducted regarding the wireless signal device after CT examination in patients and radiologists by employing a wireless signal device during a contrast-enhanced CT examination in order to determine its usefulness to the relieve psychological anxiety, such as anxiety and fear, of patients and radiologists when using contrast agents. The use of a wireless signal device was also intended to help radiologists in dealing with the side effects of contrast agents that may occur during a CT examination and preventing extravasation. Patients aged 20 years or older, who visited the C university hospital in Jeonnam province for 4 months from August to November in 2017, were surveyed. A total number of 90 patients (57 males and 33 females),who agreed to the study after CT examination, were included in the questionnaire survey. Meanwhile, 15 radiologists, who were working at a CT room and had an experience in using a wireless signal device, were surveyed. Patient satisfaction was $6.01{\pm}0.88$ before the use of a wireless signal device and $8.20{\pm}1.06$ after use, thereby showing an increased satisfaction after its use. Radiologist satisfaction was $8.46{\pm}1.06$ after use, thereby not showing a big difference from the mean patient satisfaction. The satisfaction was high at over 8 points in both groups. The contribution to psychological stability with the use of a wireless signal device was $8.98{\pm}0.65$ in patients with prior experience of side effects and $8.00{\pm}1.21$ in patients without prior experience of side effects. In conclusion, it is considered to improve satisfaction with the examination by helping the radiologists in taking immediate action with calling via the wireless signal device and providing the patients and radiologists with psychological stability by reducing their anxiety.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 2004

Background: One of the theoretical advantages of skeletonized internal mammary artery harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery is to minimize the interruption of the sternal blood flow inevitably accompanied by internal mammary harvesting. A study using bone scan is designed to determine the effects of internal mammary artery harvesting technique on the sternal blood flow. Material and Method: From April 2002 to March 2003, 27 patients out of 48 patients who underwent the isolated coronary bypass surgery were enrolled into the study. The enrolled patients underwent bone scan in the preoperative period and postoperative period respectively. Bilateral internal mammary artery was used in 8 patients (BIMA group) and single left internal mammary artery in 19 patients (LIMA group). The patients in LIMA group were divided into two groups: LlMA_skel group, in whom left internal mammary artery was harvested in skeletonized fashion (n=12), and LlMA_ped group, in whom left internal mammary artery was harvested in pedicled fashion (n=7). After the bone scan, the region of interest (ROI) was created on the left of the sternum and the mirror image with the same pixel numbers was placed on the right half of the sternum. The mean counts per pixel on the left side of the sternum was compared with those on the right side and expressed as left to right ratio (L/R ratio). Result: In LIMA group, the L/R ratio decreased from 94.6$\pm$4.1% to 87.9$\pm$6.9% (p=0.003) after the operation as compared to BIMA group, in which no change of the L/R ratio was observed. The changed of the L/R ratio in LlMA_skel group and LlMA_ped group were from 95.3$\pm$4.2% to 88.3$\pm$7.7% and from 93.4$\pm$3.9% to 87.4$\pm$5.8% respectively. The % changes in L/R ratio were -7.44 $\pm$7.08 in LIMA_skel group and -6.17$\pm$9.08 in LiMA_ped group, which did not reach the statistical difference. Conclusion: Ipsilateral sternal blood flow is interrupted by internal mammary artery harvesting as evidenced by the decrease in L/R ratio after left internal mammary artery harvesting irrespective of the harvesting techniques. Skeletonized harvesting did not show superiority in respect to sternal blood flow as compared to pedicled harvesting.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2012

Five kinds of selective media, such as mannitol salt agar (MSA), Baird-Parker agar (BPA), Baird-Parker supplemented with rabbit plasma fibrinogen (BPA+RPF), CHROMagar Staphylococcus aureus (CSA), and Petrifilm Staph Express count system (Petrifilm), were compared to recommend the optimum selective media for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from agricultural products. Seventy four target and non target bacteria were inoculated on five selective media to analyze sensitivity and specificity. In the recovery test of injured S. aureus cells, S. aureus was exposed to acid (1% lactic acid for 10 min), heat ($60^{\circ}C$ for 90s), and cold ($-20^{\circ}C$ for 1h) conditions. And artificially contaminated agricultural products (iceberg lettuce, green pepper, and cherry tomato) was enumerated on five selective media. The sensitivity of BPA+RPF, CSA, Petrifilm, MSA, and BPA were 100%, 100%, 100%, 90.5%, 90.5%, respectively. In addition, the specificity of BPA+RPF, CSA, MSA, BPA and Petrifilm were 100%, 100%, 84.6%, 75.0%, 67.3%, respectively. However, no difference among five selective media was observed in recovery on injured S. aureus cell and enumeration from agricultural products. This results suggest that BPA+RPF and CSA are the optimum media for detection of S. aureus from agricultural products.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

The objectives of this study was to investigate the difference between organic-farming and conventional-farming soils relatives to soil chemical properties and microbial flora. Fifteen soil sampling sites were chosen from the certified organic upland farm, considered with its location, crop and application of organic compost types. Soil chemical properties were analyzed by standard methods established by National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration. For the soil chemical properties, the values of pH were ranged from 4.5 to 7.3. The values of electrical conductivity (EC) in the sampling sites were below 2 dS/m of convention cultivation soil. For analyzing the microbial flora, the bacillus(16S rDNA) and cladothricosis(18S rDNA) were analyzed by using PCR-DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) in the soil of 15 sampling sites. Cluster analysis of biodiversity index was performed by using pattern of DGGE. DGGE patterns and clustering analysis of bacterial DNA from soil extracts revealed that the bacterial community was differentiated between less than 5 years and more than 5 years depending on the cultivation history. But there was no consistent tendency between cultivation history and regional trend in the case of molds. Therefore, it would be very effective to analyze bacterial clusters of organically cultivated soils in long - term cultivated soil for more than 5 years.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

This study was carried out to acquire basic data for industrial production of Korean traditional kanjang (soy sauce). Five types of meju, $23{\times}11{\times}12$ ($L{\times}W{\times}H$, cm), $23{\times}11{\times}7$, $15{\times}11{\times}7$, $11{\times}11{\times}6$, $11{\times}11{\times}6$ (made a hole $\varphi$ 1.5 cm) were prepared. The temperature and humidity of meju preparation were $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and 40~50% respectively. The smaller size of meju, the lower free amino acid and non-volatile organic acid content of that. And, two types of meju, conventional method (CM-meju, the temperature and humidity were prepared at $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and 40~50% of relative humidity) and improved method(IM-meju, the temperature and humidity were prepared at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and 80~90% of relative humidity) for kanjang production were prepared. There was no difference of total nitrogen content and soluble nitrogen content in the size of meju. In total free amino acid content and total free sugar content, IM-meju was the higher than CM-meju. So, the quality of IM-meju was better than that of CM-meju.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.252-263
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• 1997

Temperature and salinity were observed in Kugum Suro Channel in February, April, August and October 1993. Temperature ranged from $7.0^{\circ}C\;to\;25.0^{\circ}C$ throughout the year and its variation was about $18^{\circ}C$. The maximum temperature difference between surface and bottom was less than $0.75^{\circ}C$ for a year, which meant that the temperature stratification in Kugum Suro Channel was considerably week. Salinity had also a small variation range of less than $0.5\%_{\circ}$. Salinity varied from $34.0\%_{\circ}$ in April to $30.0\%_{\circ}$ in August and its fluctuation patterns were quite similar to the seasonal variations of the precipitation and the duration of sunshine observed at Kohung Weather station. Seasonal variation of sea water density in T-S diagram showed that the water mass in Kugum Suro Channel could be largely affected by regional atmospheric conditions. Temperature increased in ebb tide and decreased in flood tide, but salinity decreased in ebb tide and increased in flood tide for a day. The period of fluctuations in temperature and salinity measured for 25 hours was nearly coincident with the semi-diurnal tide which was predominant in that region. Stratification parameters computed in Kugum Suro Channel areas were less than $4.0J/m^3$ the year round, which indicated that vortical mixing from the bottom boundary caused by tidal current played an important role in deciding the stratification regime in Kugum Suro Channel. In estimating the equation which defines stratification and mixing effects in the observed areas, the tidal mixing term ranged from $4.7J/M^3\;to\;14.1J/m^3$ was greater than any other terms like solar radiation, river discharge and wind mixing.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.21-44
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the family instability on the elderly suicide and to examine the change over time. An analytical model of causal structure was set up with residence, family instability and socioeconomic level as explanation variables for this study. The cause of death statistics and micro-data from the vital statistics for 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used. Family instability was measured through divorce, and the rate of elderly(male and female) suicide as well as the suicide rate of the elderly and those in their 20-50's was used for this analysis to examine the effect of divorce. This study hypothesized about family instability and elderly suicide through a literature review. This paper presents maps of the suicide rate by using GIS, and then ANOVA and regression analysis are carried out to verify a difference in the elderly suicide rate affected by residence and divorce. Divorce rate appears in most areas with a high level centering around metropolises except the central inland area. The rate of elderly suicide which stayed in only specific regions with a high level has increased as time went by, and the graph leveled high in most regions except the southwestern coast. In addition, the elderly suicide rate was increased rapidly in rural areas for the most recent 10 years. This shows the seriousness of problems of the aged in rural areas. Through the periods of economic crisis, a sudden increase in divorce causes family instability, which increase the suicide rate increasing. Divorce affects the elderly suicide rate and the 20-50s' suicide rate in the same way, and the stronger effect goes to the elderly rather than those in their 20-50s'. Regarding elderly suicide, the divorce has a different effect by gender, affecting males more than females. With these facts, we can draw the conclusion that family instability has the most significant effect on elderly males' suicide.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.143-162
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• 1998

This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, $X^2$ - test, t - test, F - test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t= -2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p= 0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F = 7.76, p = 0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents ( t = -2.73, p=0.0305), men(t= -4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F= 70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p= 0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.