• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.543-551
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• 2001

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or VEGF-A, is intimately involved in both physiological and pathological forms of angiogenesis. VEGF-A is now recognized as the founding member of a family of growth factors that has expanded to include VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, and placental growth factor (PIGF). This family of cytokines binds differentially to at least three receptor tyrosine kinases, however, the extent to which family members other than VEGF-A contribute to physiological and pathological angiogenesis remains unclear. Issues that are of relevance include uncertainty regarding the consequences of signaling through VEGF - RI in particular, and the ability of some family members to heterodimerize, leading to the possibility ofheterodimeric receptor complexes. Structural characterization is one approach that can be used to address these issues, however, the vast majority of previous structure-function studies have only focused on VEGF-A. While these studies may provide some clues regarding the structural basis of the interaction of other family members with their receptors, studies using the ligands themselves are clearly required if highly specific interactions are to be revealed. With the recent progress toward refolding and purifying substantial' quantities of other VEGF family members, such structural studies are now possible. Here, these ~ssues are addressed with a particular emphasis on VEGF-B and its receptors.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

The paper deals with the impact of information and communications technology on carbon emissions and economic growth in South Korea. The quarterly time series data from the first quarter of 1970 to the third quarter of 2010 (163 observations) are collected and retrieved from the Bank of Korea database. The paper examines long-run equilibrium relationships using cointegration techniques and Granger causality with vector error correction models. In directional causality tests, information and communications technology shows highly significant positive effects on economic growth and marginal effect on carbon emissions. Carbon emissions and economic growth exhibit an inverse relationship with each other; that is, carbon emissions have an inverse relation to economic growth and economic growth does not significantly affect carbon emissions in South Korea. We also note possible implications regarding growth policies and the information communications technology and "green" technology sectors for economies in the range represented by Korea's 1970 - 2010 data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

Recently, 'Social Commerce' has shown such a rapid growth along with the development of social media such as 'Twitter' and 'Facebook.' Yet, with the quantitative growth, some problems regarding consumer dissatisfaction has constantly occurred. It is essential for the enterprises to study and reflect a customer satisfaction about goods and service they provide regarding the characteristic of the social commerce scientifically and actively. So, this study measures service quality of social commerce market using SERVQUAL model which was established by Parasuraman (1985). The impact on customer satisfaction was analysed using multiple regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, we found that the tangibility and empathy are important factors for service quality in the social commerce market.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.294-299
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• 2010

Although the increasing incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) in Korea has recently raised public concerns about health and growth problems, there are many areas of uncertainty regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of CPP. In this paper, we review the definition of precocity, the assessment of CPP, and the hormonal abnormalities that support the diagnosis. In addition, we review the practical guidelines regarding the clinical use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children with CPP. Indications for treatment, determination of dosage, monitoring during treatment, and discontinuation of therapy are discussed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

Objectives Many parents are stressed from their children with anorexia, so this study was planned to investigate the growth state of the children with anorexia and the main concerns of their parents. Methods We searched some medical documents regarding 21 children with anorexia and performed questionnaires on their parents. Results 21 children (male 14, female 7) were studied, the average age of children was $53.62{\pm}20.46$ months, the average height was $102.93{\pm}12.36cm$, the average weight was $16.37{\pm}1.31kg$, the average BMI was $15.26{\pm}1.31$. 16(76.10%) parents have experienced stress regarding their children's slow weight increase. There was no relationship between BMI of the children and the degree of stress of their parents. The parents tend to scold or to give nutrition supplement to their children to solve the anorexia. Many of the parents considered their children has anorexia just by looking at the children's attitude towards to the meals or when children had food whatever it given only. Conclusions The children with anorexia were mostly developed poorly. However, the parents who had children were developing nicely were also stressed because of their children's picky eating behavior and the difficults in coaching their children food.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.253-256
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the growth characteristics and inorganic components of Codonopsis lanceolata regarding regional differences. The plant height of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata was 373.6 cm, so it's revealed that it has more vigorous growth than Korean won. The flowering time of Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was 2 weeks faster than Japanese one. Total fresh weight of root was 41.0 g and 39.0 g for Korean and Japanese respectively, thus, no significance difference was found. However, regarding fresh weight, Korean one had a more fresh weight (35.4 g) of main root parts, but Japanese one had a more fresh weight (9.6 g) of the lateral root part. Each inorganic component was found more in the aboveground parts, regardless of the region and the content of K was the largest. Regarding the content of macroelements for each part of Codonopsis lanceolata, the content of Na, Mg, P, S, and Ca in Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was found the highest on the leaf, followed by stem and root. In the case of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata, same result was found on the content of Mg and Ca, however, the highest content of Na and P was found in the stem.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.597-601
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• 2010

Quercus dentata (Thunb. ex Murray) is a major tree found in dry habitats such as limestone areas of Korea. In order to characterize the ecological traits of Q. dentata, we treated Q. dentata saplings under four gradient levels of major environment factors such as light, soil moisture and nutrients for 5 months in a glass house. We then measured and analyzed growth differences among them. Regarding light, aboveground, belowground and plant biomass were highest at a high gradient and lowest at a low one. The root/shoot ratio was highest at the highest light gradient. Regarding moisture, no measured items were significantly affected by the moisture gradient. Regarding nutrients, aboveground, belowground and plant biomass were the highest at a slightly high gradient and the lowest at a gradient lower or higher than this. The root/shoot ratio was not significantly affected by the nutrient gradient. From these results, it was shown that the growth of Q. dentata was more affected by light and nutrients in the environment than moisture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.167-177
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• 2010

Recent competitive and technological changes during the past decade have accelerated the need for better capital recovery methods. Competition and technology have together shortened the expected lives of property which could not have been forecasted several years ago. Since the usage of technological growth models has been prevalent in various technological forecasting environments, the various forms of growth models have become numerous. Of six such models studied, some models do significantly better than others, especially at low penetration levels in predicting future levels of growth. A set of criteria for choosing an appropriate model for technological growth models was developed. Two major characteristics of an S-shaped curve were elected which differentiate the various models; they are the skewness of the curve and underlying assumptions regarding the variance of error structure of the model.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.495-500
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• 2001

The significant creep in copper takes place at relatively low temperature and applied stress. Thus the study on modeling of creep behavior using the copper should provide researchers with benefits such as time for the test. In this study, a test of creep crack growth regarding copper was performed at 400 and $500^{\circ}C$, and analyzed. As result, the crack growth rate at $500^{\circ}C$ turned out to be 10 times higher than that at $400^{\circ}C$ in terms of $C^*$, while the crack growth rate at $500^{\circ}C$ was several hundreds times higher than that at $400^{\circ}C$ in terms of K. Moreover, a linear relationship between the crack growth rate and $C^*$ at the same temperature was established.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates whether a listing effect exists in cross-border M&As and whether the effect can be attributed to the uncertainty of the GDP growth rate in the target firm's home country. We apply a joint variable analysis using M&A announcement data from the Korea Exchange (KRX), Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), and the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) from 2004 to 2013. We also conduct an event study using the measure of the uncertainty of the GDP growth rate (based on IMF statistics) in 55 target countries. Design/methodology - We measure the abnormal return (AR) using the market-adjusted model. We test the significance of the AR and the cumulative abnormal return (CAR) using a one-sample t-test. We examine the characteristics of the CARs depending on whether the target company is listed by applying a difference analysis using CAR as a test variable. In addition, we set CAR (-5, +5) as a dependent variable to identify the cause of the listing effect, and test both the financial characteristic variables of the acquirer and the collective characteristic variables of the merger as independent variables in the multiple regression analysis. Findings - First, we find the listing effect of cross-border M&As in the KRX, SSE, and TWSE, which represent the capital markets in Korea, China, and Taiwan, respectively. This listing effect persists during the global financial crisis and has a negative effect on the wealth of acquiring shareholders, especially when the target countries are emerging markets. Second, greater uncertainty regarding the target countries' economic growth in cross-border M&As has a negative effect on the wealth of acquiring firms' shareholders. Third, our empirical analysis demonstrates that the listing effect is attributable to the fact that firms listed in a target country with greater uncertainty of economic growth are more directly and greatly exposed to uncertain capital markets through stock markets, than are unlisted firms. Originality/value - This study is significant in that it presents a new strategic perspective in the study of cross-border M&As by demonstrating empirically that the listing effect is attributable to the uncertainty regarding the economic development of the target firms' home countries.