• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.820-824
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• 2014

TiNOx multi-layer thin films on aluminum substrates were prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. 4 multi-layers of $TiO_2$/TiNOx(LMVF)/TiNOx(HMVF)/Ti/substrate have been prepared with ratio of Ar and ($N_2+O_2$) gas mixture. $TiO_2$ of top layer is anti-reflection layer on double TiNOx(LMVF)/TiNOx(HMVF) layers and Ti metal of infrared reflection layer. In this study, the crystallinity and surface properties of TiNOx thin films were estimated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), respectively. The grain size of TiNOx thin films shows to increase with increasing sputtering power. The composition of thin films has been investigated using electron probe microanalysis(EPMA). The optical properties with wavelength spectrum were recorded by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry at a range of 200~1,500 nm. The TiNOx multi-layer films show the excellent optical performance beyond 9% of reflectance in those ranges wavelength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2010

The double-layer antireflection (DLAR) coatings have significant advantages over single-layer antireflection (SLAR) coatings. This is because they will be able to cover a broad range of the solar spectrum which would enhance the overall performance of solar cells. Moreover films deposited at high frequency are expected to show excellent and UV-stable passivation in the refractive index that we adopted. In this work, we present a novel DLAR coating using SiNx:H thin films with refractive indices 1.9 and 2.3 as the top and bottom layers. This approach is cost effective when compared to earlier DLAR coatings with two different materials. SiNx:H films were deposited by Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique using $SiH_4$, $NH_3$ and $N_2$ gases with flow rates 20~80sccm, 200sccm and 85 sccm respectively. The RF power, plasma frequency and substrate temperature for the deposition were 300W, 13.56 MHz and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum thickness and refractive indices values for DLAR coatings were estimated theoretically using Macleod simulation software as 82.24 nm for 1.9 and 68.58 nm for 2.3 respectively. Solar cells were fabricated with SLAR and DLAR coatings of SiNx:H films and compared the cell efficacy. SiNx:H> films deposited at a substrate temperature of $450^{\circ}C$ and that at 300 W power showed best effective minority carrier lifetime around $50.8\;{\mu}s$. Average reflectance values of SLAR coatings with refractive indices 1.9, 2.05 and 2.3 were 10.1%, 9.66% and 9.33% respectively. In contrast, optimized DLAR coating showed a reflectance value as low as 8.98% in the wavelength range 300nm - 1100nm.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.166-177
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• 2022

The Shiveet Khairkhan is located on Tsengel Som in the middle of Bayan-ulgi Aimag in the Altai region. Various remains have been identified, and it has been found to be an important area of the Eurasian steppe. In this study, the characteristics of textile fibers and dyes excavated from the tombs of the 1st~3rd century Xianbei period in the sites of Shiveet Khairkhan, Mongolia were investigated. As a result of analysis using optical microscopic observation and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for fiber identification, green and yellow fabrics were identified as silk fabrics. To investigate the properties of the dye, the surface reflectance of the dyed fabric was measured using an fiber optic reflectance spectrophotometer for non-destructive analysis. The green fabric appeared similar to the reflection spectrum of indigo dye. In addition, as a result of component analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, isatin and indigotine were detected. Isatin and indigotine are characteristic components of indigo dye, and it was found that the green fabric of the tombs of the Xianbei period was dyed using indigo dye. It was difficult to identify the type of dye in the yellow fabric as a result of reflectance spectrum and gas chromatography analysis. Indigo plants are a dye used for blue dyeing from thousands of years ago, and many species are distributed around the world. It was confirmed that the fabric was relatively well preserved and indigo dye was used for the green Jikryeongui (garment with a straight collar) in the ancient tomb of the Xianbei period about 1,800 years ago, even though it was buried for a long time. Scientific investigation of textile cultural heritage is an essential process for conservation treatment, restoration, exhibition, and the creation of a conservation environment. It is expected that related research will be activated in the future and will be helpful in interpreting the living culture at the time, preserving textiles, and a conservation environment.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2017

This study investigated mineralogy, spectral characteristics and heavy metal contamination including Cd, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn and S for white precipitation in Miin falls based on XRF, XRD, and spectrometer. As a result, Al concentration was abnormally high at all samples, and most of the samples showed high contamination level in Cd and Ni. XRD results detected quartz, kaolinite, rhomboclase, aluminocoquimbite, and gibbsite which infers that heavy metal elements are distributed by adsorption with clay minerals. Spectral characteristics of white precipitation can be described by increasing pattern of reflectance in visible spectrum and decreasing pattern of reflectance in longer wave length including near infrared and shortwave infrared spectrum. The absorption features reveals that spectral characteristics of white precipitation is mainly controlled by kaolinite, rhomboclase, aluminocoquimbite, and gibbsite. The relationship between heavy metal concentration and absorption depth showed high positive correlation for Al concentration and absorption feature at 2202 nm of Al-OH absorption. This spectral characteristics indicates that absorption depth could be effectively used for estimation of heavy metal concentration.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1125-1133
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• 2021

This study attempted to understand seawater characteristics like chlorophyll concentration (CHL), total suspended matter concentration (TSM), absorption characteristics, and remote sensing reflectance around Weno Island, Micronesia, located in the South Pacific Ocean near the equator. 50 in-situ measurement from May to June 2013 were analyzed and compared with data from around Korean peninsula. CHL around Weno Island was 0.11-0.49 mg/m³ (average 0.26 mg/m³), and TSM was 0.03-0.31 g/m³, (average 0.16 g/m³), showing typical clear water characteristics. Absorption coefficient of total suspended matters at 443 nm showed over 0.5 times less than that from East Sea and the slope of absorption coefficient spectrum of dissolved organic matter showed much larger than that of Korean peninsula, indicating the concentration of organic matter is very low and dissolved organic matter of marine origin is considered to be the main component in the study area. As a result of comparing the remote sensing reflectance spectrum with that of coastal waters around the Korean peninsula, coastal waters around Weno Island showed typical CASE-1 water properties. It was possible to understand the marine optical characteristics of coral reef habitats in tropical waters, and it can be used to develop seawater algorithms specialized in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_3
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• pp.1061-1067
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• 2023

In this letter, we simulated an atmospheric correction for Sentinel-2 images, of which spectral bands are similar to Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4 (CAS500-4). Using the second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum - vector (6SV)2.1 radiation transfer model and random forest (RF), a type of machine learning, we developed an RF-based atmospheric correction model to simulate 6SV2.1. As a result, the similarity between the reflectance calculated by 6SV2.1 and the reflectance predicted by the RF model was very high.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2008

Amylose and protein contents are important traits determining the edible quality of rice, especially in East Asian countries. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a powerful tool for rapid and nondestructive quantification of natural compounds in agricultural products. To test the practically of using NIRS for estimation of brown rice amylose and protein contents, the spectral reflectances ($400{\sim}2500\;nm$) of total 9,483 accessions of rice germplasm in Rural development Administration (RDA) Genebank ere obtained and compared to chemically determined amylose and protein content. The protein content of tested 119 accessions ranged from 6.5 to 8.0% and 25 accessions exhibited protein contents between 8.5 to 9.5%. In case of amylose content, all tested accessions ranged from 18.1 to 21.7% and the grade from 18.1 to 19.9% includes most number of accessions as 152 and 4 accessions exhibited amylose content between 20.5 to 21.7%. The optimal performance calibration model could be obtained from original spectra of brown rice using MPLS (Modified Partial Least Squares) with the correlation coefficients ($r_2$) for amylose and protein content were 0.865 and 0.786, respectively. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) exhibited good statistic values: 2.078 and 0.442 for amylose and protein contents, respectively. All these results suggest that NIR spectroscopy may serve as reputable and rapid method for quantification of brown rice protein and amylose contents in large numbers of rice germplasm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3112-3112
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• 2001

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated aiming at the identification of falsified drugs. The identification is based on comparison of the NIR spectrum of a sample with a typical spectra of an authentic drug using multivariate modelling and classification algorithms (PCA/SIMCA). Two spectrophotometers (Brimrose - Luminar 2000 and 2030), based on acoustic-optical filter (AOTF) technology, sharing the same controlling computer, software (Brimrose - Snap 2.03) and the data acquisition electronics, were employed. The Luminar 2000 scans the range 850 1800 nm and was employed for transmitance/absorbance measurements of liquids with a transflectance optical bundle probe with total optical path of 5 mm and a circular area of 0.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$. Model 2030 scans the rage 1100 2400 nm and was employed for reflectance measurement of solids drugs. 300 spectra, acquired in about 20 s, were averaged for each sample. Chemometric treatment of the spectral data, modelling and classification were performed by using the Unscrambler 7.5 software (CAMO Norway). This package provides the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and SIMCA algorithms, used for modelling and classification, respectively. Initially, NIRS was evaluated for spectrum acquisition of various drugs, selected in order to accomplish the diversity of physico-chemical characteristics found among commercial products. Parameters which could affect the spectra of a given drug (especially if presented as solid tablets) were investigated and the results showed that the first derivative can minimize spectral changes associated with tablet geometry, physical differences in their faces and position in relation to the probe beam. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature were also investigated. The first factor needs to be controlled for model construction because the ambient humidity can cause spectral alterations that should cause the wrong classification of a real drug if the factor is not considered by the model.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2022

In this paper, a method to directly calculate the major elements of skin color such as melanin and hemoglobin from the RGB signal of the camera is proposed. The main elements of skin color typically measure spectral reflectance using specific equipment, and reconfigure the values at some wavelengths of the measured light. The values calculated by this method include such things as melanin index and erythema index, and require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera. It is difficult to find a direct calculation method for such component elements from a general digital camera, and a method of indirectly calculating the concentration of melanin and hemoglobin using independent component analysis has been proposed. This method targets a region of a certain RGB image, extracts characteristic vectors of melanin and hemoglobin, and calculates the concentration in a manner similar to that of Principal Component Analysis. The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to directly calculate the pixel unit because a group of pixels in a certain area is used as an input, and since the extracted feature vector is implemented by an optimization method, it tends to be calculated with a different value each time it is executed. The final calculation is determined in the form of an image representing the components of melanin and hemoglobin by converting it back to the RGB coordinate system without using the feature vector itself. In order to improve the disadvantages of this method, the proposed method is to calculate the component values of melanin and hemoglobin in a feature space rather than an RGB coordinate system using a feature vector, and calculate the spectral reflectance corresponding to the skin color using a general digital camera. Methods and methods of calculating detailed components constituting skin pigments such as melanin, oxidized hemoglobin, deoxidized hemoglobin, and carotenoid using spectral reflectance. The proposed method does not require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera, and unlike the existing method, direct calculation of the pixel unit is possible, and the same characteristics can be obtained even in repeated execution. The standard diviation of density for melanin and hemoglobin of proposed method was 15% compared to conventional and therefore gives 6 times stable.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.146-149
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• 2016

The CrN/TiN/Al thin films for solar selective absorber were prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering with multi targets. The binary nitride CrN layer deposited with change in N₂ gas flow rates. The gas mixture of Ar and N2 was an important parameter during sputtering deposition because the metal volume fraction (MVF) was controlled by the N2 gas flow rate. In this study, the crystallinity and surface properties of the CrN/TiN/Al thin films were estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The composition and depth profile of thin films were investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The absorptance and reflectance with wavelength spectrum were recorded by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry at a range of 300~1,100 nm.