• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.516-530
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• 1999

The current clinical technique for occlusal vertical dimension recording is based on marking the skin reference points on the patient's face and measuring between these points using caliper-like device. And it is difficult to achieve reliable measurements by this technique because of movable soft tissue. The purpose of this study is to reveal the stability of skin reference points by comparing the relative movement between extra-oral skin reference points and intra-oral reference points using X-ray fluoroscope. 10 test subjects were divided into 2 groups : Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture-wearer whose vertical dimension was lost) and Group III consists of identical test subjects to Group II with their upper denture removed and record base inserted. Attaching the 3 mm diameter steel ball to nose tip, lower lip, chin and to existing denture (or record base), fluoroscopic examination and recording were taken during 2 jaw opening and closing movements. After subsequent digitization using personal computer, 1219 still pictures with 0.1 second interval were made. Using the 2 dimensional graphic software, measurements between reference points were executed. Dividing the entire jaw movement into 3 ranges (total, 1st half opening, 2nd half opening), rate of movement and relative movement between extra-oral and intra-oral reference points were calculated and statistically analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. 1 Within the same experimental group, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between lower lip point and chin point during total range of jaw opening and closing movement (p>.05) 2. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture wearer) (p<.05) Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group II. 3. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I and Group III (record base wearer) (p<.05). Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group III. 4. In the first half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between Group II and Group III (p>.05). 5. In the second half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between any experimental groups (p>.05). 6. In patients with their occlusal vertical dimension lost, employing other measuring references rather than skin is recommended because of low stability.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2008

Purpose: The Bio-energy metabolism control hormone by Adipocytokine is composed with Leptin, Adiponectin, resistin, TNF-a, IL-6. Adiponectin become known to participating in Insulin sensitivity exasperation, Fat metabolism accomodation and inducing metabolic disease such as diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipemia. When we accomplished the test with purpose of Research, we observed significance with a result of test related to diabetes mellitus with reference setting by way of suggestion. Methods: Result of normal group (n=100) which is committed in the SCL from September 2006 to December 2006 and result of control group (n=50) relationship examination item that is decided diabetes measures themselves against each other. Also, we measured the normal group against the control group for the reference range of adiponectin. Results: Result in normal group (n=100) appeared by Glucose (reference 70~120 mg/dl) Mean and the SD 96.99 (${\pm}24.35$), HbA1c (reference 4.0~6.0%) Mean and the SD 5.64 (${\pm}0.90$), Insulin (reference 2.0~25.0 uIU/ml) Mean and the SD 7.80 (${\pm}4.42$), the Adiponectin the Mean and the SD 9,861.23 (${\pm}4,977.0$). Result in control group(n=50) appeared by Glucose (reference 70-120 mg/dl) Mean and the SD 224.95 (5.30), the HbA1c (reference 4.0~6.0%) Mean and the SD 8.22 (1.63), Insulin (reference 2.0~25.0 uIU/ml) Mean and the SD 17.02 (3.01), C-peptide (reference 0.48~3.30 ng/ml) Mean and the SD 7.92 (${\pm}7.40$), the Adiponectin Mean and the SD 18,110.03 (${\pm}12,843.29$). Conclusions: Therefore, it seems that test results are significant and we consider that it can be apply to useful diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipemia patients throughout the reference range setting of Adiponectin, Leptin is one of the Bio-energy metabolism control hormone.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 2005

Purpose: To assess the relationship between soft tissue reference line and hard tissue reference line using the standardized photographs and the posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs(P-A)in facial asymmetric patients and to compare the differences of angular measurement between normal group and asymmetry group. Methods: Normal group consisted of 44 persons with normal occlusion and normal facial morphology. Asymmetry group consisted of 90 patients with facial asymmetry. Standardized facial photographs and P-A were taken in all subjects. The horizontal reference lines were bipupillary line in photographs and latero-orbitale line in P-A respectively. The vertical reference line were the line from the midpoint of horizontal reference line perpendicularly. Angular measurement of otobasion canting, lip canting, nose deviation, chin deviation, and maxillary deviation were compared and analyzed in photographs. And angular measurement of mastoid canting, mandibular canting, nose deviation, chin deviation, and maxillary deviation were compared and analyzed in P-A. Results: 1. The variables of photographs and P-A were significantly related in the asymmetry group. 2. Significant differences between all variables except for PT2 and PA2 were shown in the asymmetry group and between PT1 and PA1, PT3 and PA3 in the normal group respectively. 3. Comparison measurement scores of angular difference between control group and experimental group concerning each variable showed significant difference except for PA1. Conclusions: Soft tissue components may not compensate for underlying skeletal imbalance in nose deviation and chin deviation. The horizontal reference lines in photographs were significant related with the P-A, but angular variables between the two studies show significant differences. Therefore, we do not recommend use photography in the assessment the facial asymmetry as complemented in the P-A.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.27-41
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to find variables related to materialism of university students in Korea and Japan. A questionnaire research method was conducted and 477 samples were selected. Korean university students have higher materialism than Japanese university students. Korean undergraduates are influenced by reference group, but Japanese university students are influenced by group identity. Materialism of Korean university students are influenced by nonmaterialism, reference group, perception of living level, self concept, pocket money, mother's job. Materialism of Japan university students is influenced by nonmaterialism, group identity, perception of living level, grade. The strongest predictor of materialism of Korean university students is nonmaterialism, followed by reference group. The strongest predictor of materialism of Japanese university students is nonmaterialism, followed by group identity.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1993

The purposes of this study were to investigate the factors related to conspicuous consumption and the effect of materialism and reference group on the conspicuous consumption. The data used in this study included 287 homemakers living in Mokpo and Kwangju,. Statistics used for data analysis were Means Frequencies One-Way Anova and Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings were as follows: 1) The factors related to conspicuous consumption were educational level of wife educational level of husband job of husband and subjective level of living 2) The factors related to materialism were age of wife and subjective level of living 3) The factors related to reference group were age of wife educational level of husband job of husband and subjective level of living 4) Materialism and reference group had positive effects on conspicuous consumption 5) The effect of reference group was the most influencial factor.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of self-concept, reference group, consumer education, and materialism on the propensity for conspicuous consumption of adolescents. The data used in this study were collected through questionnaires on 604 adolescents living in Cheju City. The data were analyzed by using SPSS PC(sup)+ program. The propensity for conspicuous consumption of adolescents differed significantly according to their age and allowance, and sex. The propensity for conspicuous consumption of the middle school students was higher than that of the high school students. The propensity for conspicuous consumption of boys was higher than of girl’s. The propensity for conspicuous consumption of the adolscents was influenced by materialism and the reference group. According to the results of the multiple regression analysis, the most influential factor was materialism and reference group. In clothing materialism was the most influential factor and the reference group was the second influential factor. But In shoes, bag, and school supplies the reference group was the most influential factor and materialism was the second influential factor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.781-792
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the propensity for symbolic consumption and the effects of materialism, reference group, and social stratification on the symbolic consumption in clothing. Data were administered to 957 adolescence in middle, high school, and college student living in Seoul, Chonju, Sunchon, Yousu, and Kwangyang from May to June 1997. For analysis of the data, frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviation, factor analysis, 1-test, one-way anomia, duncan's multiple range test, and multiple regression analysis were employed. The results of this study can be summarized asfollows. 1) Symbolic consumption, materialism, and reference group were found to have the significant differences according to social stratification groups by objectivemethod. The higher social stratification is, the higher symbolic consumption, materialism, and reference group were. 2) symbolic consumption were proven to have the significant differences according to materiaiism and reference group. The higher materialism and the influence of referencegroup indicated, the higher symbolic consumption. 3)according to the results of the regression analysis examining the relative influences of variables affecting symbolic consumption in clothing, the relative importance of the variables are in order of : the influences of the reference group, materialism, social stratification, status inconsistency type (occupation-income), and their explanatory power totalled 40.0%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.141-153
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• 2000

The purposes of this study are to segment female X-generation consumers by the types of conspicuous clothing consumption behavior and to examine the differences among consumer groups with self-respect, the influence of reference group, materialism, and demographic characteristics. A questionnaire was developed and 18-35 year female living in Seoul responded to a questionnaire. The 499 subjects were analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows : Respondents divided into five consumption groups. such as non-conspicuous clothing consumption group, fashion-oriented clothing consumption group, well-known brand and expensive clothing consumption group, imitation c1othing in well-known brand consumption group and imported clothing consumption group. Imitation clothing in well-known brand consumption group. Imported clothing consumption group are the highest average mark in education and family income. Non-conspicuous clothing consumption group is the lowest average mark in education and family Income of five groups. Well-known brand & expensive clothing consumption group is the highest average mark in the influence of reference group, materialism of five groups. Non-conspicuous clothing consumption group is the lowist average mark in the influence of reference group. materialism of five groups.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.309-310
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a novel D-ATR (Differential-Average Transmitted Reference) scheme for UWB (Ultra Wide Band) based on impulse radio. The proposed scheme utilizing differential coding at transceiver, does not cause half loss of data rate unlike the conventional TR (Transmitted Reference) and ATR (Average TR) systems which transmit additional reference signals. In addition, the proposed scheme may provide improved BER (Bit Error Rate) performance by averaging the received reference signals like the conventional ATR. The proposed D-ATR receiver produces the averaged reference template by considering both the detected data bit and the differential coding rule.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

Liver size is an important component in the diagnosis and follow-up of diffuse liver disease when testing for liver disease using ultrasonography. However, difficulties lies in determining the presence of hepatomegaly and liver atrophy because the method used for measuring liver size differs from one examiner to another and there is no relevant standard based on body build. The present study aims to propose a more objective method for liver size measurement and a reference range based on body build. A total of 260 normal adults (130 males, 130 females) participated in the study. Ultrasonography was performed in all participants to measure the size of the right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate lobe of liver. Based on Physique Index(PI), a value derived from multiplying weight(kg) by height($m^2$), size of physique was divided into three groups including Group I with PI<150, Group II with $150{\leq}PI{\leq}250$, and Group III with PI>250. Thus, mean liver size by PI and a reference range with 95% reliability were suggested. The superoinferior diameter of right lobe was $12.34{\pm}1.18cm$ in males and $11.07{\pm}0.93cm$ in females, and its reference range was 10.64~11.0cm for Group I, 11.78~12.12cm for Group II, and 13.02~13.84cm for Group III. The anteroposterior diameter(T) of left lobe was $5.93{\pm}1.09cm$ in males and $5.18{\pm}0.99cm$ in females, and its reference range was 4.77~5.17cm for Group I, 5.49~5.79cm for Group II, and 6.68~7.44cm for Group III. The transverse diameter was $3.51{\pm}0.60cm$ in male participants and $3.42{\pm}0.49cm$ in female participants and its reference range was 3.29~3.51cm for Group I, 3.36~3.55cm for Group II, and 3.52~4.0cm for Group III. The caudate lobe index was $11.65{\pm}2.88cm^2$ in males and $9.62{\pm}2.18cm^2$ in females and its reference range was $8.83{\sim}9.75cm^2$ for Group I, $10.62{\sim}11.47cm^2$ for Group II, and $11.89{\sim}14.26cm^2$ for Group III. As a basic measurement method of liver size, the present study suggests measuring the superoinferior diameter for right liver lobe, the anteroposterior diameter for left liver lobe, the transverse diameter for quadrate lobe, and the caudate lobe index for caudate lobe. It is expected that this method along with its relevant reference range can be used as useful indicators in determining hepatomegaly and liver atrophy upon the diagnosis and follow-up testing of diffuse liver disease.