• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.21-36
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• 1970

This studies have been carried out to 3nd various causes of cleanness defects on raw silk which has been increased since 1967 in Korea, so that this treatise may be a guide inform action to improve such a defect in future. The cocoon treatment for the proposed work was carried starting with in worst condition to find the critical limit of degrading through such a work. And various analysis have been also worked out using the annual silk testing data past a few years. The results obtained are as follows. 1. There was a great relationship between cleanness and neatness result. 2. Cleanness result is greatly influenced by mounting conditions and handling of cocoons, which brought 40 percent lower as cleanness result than standard ones in which caused minor defects, especially loops and split ends, so the bad mounting conditions and handling of fresh cocoons degraded raw silk from 4A grade to E. 3. The use of good water quality brought the difference of 1.04 percent in cleanness result rather than the use of bad one. 4. Well technical work brought the difference of 0.86 percent in cleanness result rather than poor technical work. 5, Satisfactory cocoon drying installation brought the difference of 1.97 percent in cleanness result rather than insufficient one. 6. Automatic reeling machine marked lower 1,55 percent in cleanness result than multi-end reeling machine. 7. The degrading of cleanness result from 1965 year silk to 1969 year silk marked 1.99 percent, which almost responds to the degrading rate from good to poor cocoon drying installed cleanness results. In view of this result, nowadays, insufficient cocoon drying installation may be main factor to be worse cleanness result of Korean raw silk. 8. The factors of cleanness defect in raw silk once supplied with cocoon into factory are water quality, technique evaluation, cocoon drying capacity and s： reeling machine. The relationship between cleanness result and above factors are as follows. cleanness result＝neatness result＋1.6－1.04(1－a)－1.97(1－b)－0.86(1-c)＋1.55${\times}$d a： The successive we ratio of water quality (0\longrightarrowl) b： The successive ratio of satisfactory cocoon drying installation (0\longrightarrowl) c： The successive ratio of well technical work (0\longrightarrowl) d： 1 in case multi-end reeling machine o in case automatic reeling machine 9, It is not admitted that there is heavy relationship between cleanness occurrence and nonbreaking reel ability. That mal$.$ be sowed with silk reeling technique. 10. The bad mounting conditions caused the worse result on the cocoon quality as much as cleanness. 11. Besides mounting conditions, there may be another factors affecting on the low reel ability of cocoons in Korea.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.7
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• pp.65-74
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• 1967

This work has been carried out to find the fundamental reasons of raw silk size nonuniformity by studying with the physical nature and its bave formation through the worm spinnerate with anatomical device. Mean time, the uniformity improving method is also attached to this paper after throughfall theoretical study. 1. According to the anatomical study of the silkworm spinnerate, the physical form decides the fiber cross section and also spinns more finner size as the spinning is continued collaborating with the muscle pressure and decrease of liquid silk in the silk gland. 2. The bave size deviation of the Korean cocoons have shown a little difference among the varieties, but, they are conclued as 0.58 denier in average which caused some size deviation of the raw silk inevitably. 3. The raw silk nonuniformity increases when the cocoon have size is not suitable with the proposed raw silk size. 4. The nonuniformity is also increased very much during the filature process in case of poor technical work, but even if we do our best, the best result is found as 30 percent improvement which is still worser than the natural cocoon size deviation. 5. It is required to be careful for the selection of silkworm variety in order to improve the nonuniformity of raw silk so that the bave size be suitable for the proposed silk. 6. The definite size silk reeling method could made better uniform silk, 20 percent at least, than the definite cocoon number silk reeling method. 7. A newly developed denier(21d) gauge was applied for the multiends type silk reeling machine which is widely used in Korea, and the result of the method showed 1.30 denier size deviation, but, in case of no use of it was 1.57 denier size deviation, that is, it could improve two grades more than the normal reeling method.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 1976

The occupational skin diseases in an industry of silk reeling located in Daegu city of Korea were analyzed by inspection through a mass survey for improving the workers' health, November, 1975. The subjects, 177 persons were all females, and were distributed at 18-38 years old. About two thirds were under 25 years old. The meanage was 23.6 years. The incidence of skin diseases was about 53%. It was generally divided into three groups;- the epidermic changes of those were most frequent, 47.5%, the allergic reactions were 14.7%, and athlete's foot was only four cases, 2.3%. Most frequent signs of epidermic changes was the worn-out nail, 32.3%; and the keratolysis, 28.8%; and the callus, 15.3% were followed in order. Theses were significant in five per cent level between the sections of the silk reeling and the manufacturing;-Allergic reactions and worn-out nail were more frequent in the manufacturing group than the silk reeling, and keratolysis and callus were inverted proportionally. Allergic reactions were occurred within a few months from first entrance time, and it was more frequent in the group exposed to same allergen in the past than the continuing group from first. Most of the appearing sites of theses were hands, and infrequently, it was occurred in the face, neck, trunk, knee anfeet. These epidermic changes except allergic phenomena were appeared in the fingers, palmal and dorsal surface of hands frequently contacted. But these changes and allergic reactions were generally combined with two or more kinds.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.5
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• pp.57-61
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• 1965

This report was prepared to find how warious tussah silk worm diets effect for the worm nutrition, its cocoon and reelability, Meantime, it was attacked the reeling effect of newly developed tussah cocoon cooking chemical, Tussah-lite. The results obtained are as followings. 1. The chemical composition of various diets were almost even, but Quercus acutissima Carrathers was the best from the nutrition point of view. 2. It was found that the more Calcium Oxalate, the better cocoon was formed, but Calcium Oxalate in the cocoon layer was found as almost same amount in case of different diet was fed. 3. It was also found that the more tannin, the better cocoon was formed, but the cocoon reelability was found as almost same in case of different diet was fed. 4. The cocoon reeling effect of newly developed chemical, Tussah-lite, showed 6∼7% silk yield from the tussah cocoon.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1987

This investigation was carried cut to obtain the reeling water conditions in Korea. The analyzed items of water were pH, colority, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, solids electric conductibity hardness and heavy metal ions. About 40% of the reeling water were found to be agreeable, 30% were acceptable provided with some quality control and the others were out of acceptable range mainly based on the M-alkalinity, acidity, pH and total hardness. It was found that there was a following relationship between total hardness and electric conductibity with the relative correlation coefficient r=0.9145. y=15.967+0.22774x Where x, y are electric conductivity and total hardness respectively.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.135-154
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to clarify the reason of the change of production-and-marketing system and of the regional division. The data for this study were collected by administering interviews with people engaging in hemp fabric industry: namely, craftsmen and managers in the production and marketing of "hemp fabric" handcraft. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the hemp fabric industry is a main subsidiary business of agriculture in Andong. The process of making hemp fabric heavily depends on manual labor. The process is divided into five stages: namely, cultivating hemp, pre-reeling, reeling, weaving, and colouring. Second, Andong "hemp fabric" handicrafts industry had been continuously growth until the late 1960s. During the period of Japan colonization, it was under boom condition: while the other traditional fabric industries were declined. In the 1970s, the decrease of the demand of hemp fabric was the result of mass production of substitute goods on factory system: while, in the 1980s, the growth of per capital income play an important role in bringing about the increased demand of hemp fabric. Third, in the 1980s. production-and-marketing system was changed as the result of the effort to improve the quality and the process, the advanced age of craftsmen, and the weak function of existing marketing systems. The social division of labor within the district is well developed between cultivating hemp, reeling and weaving. The social division of labor is also found in the partly process of handcratfs, and between the production and marketing. The social division of labor between production and marketing is not strongly developed to establish a reliable enterprise that develops a new product and opens a new market. Fourth, the spatial boundary of the production of hemp fabric handcrafts becomes limited into a special region based on the regional specialization of hemp cultivating and the differentiation of utilization of labor.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.1
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• pp.2-4
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• 1960

파인앱플 과실에서 추출된 Bromelain이 단백질연화 효소로서 이미 알려지고 있는 바이지마는 기의 경간에서 Bromelain을 추출하게 된것은 극히 최근의 일이며 미국의 Dole Hawaian Pine Apple Co.에 의하여 개척된것이 최초로서 기연구결과도 공식적문헌상에 발표되어 있지않다. 과실 Bromelain은 비록 기작용이 우수하다하여도 생산비 관계로 상품화에 곤란성이 있었던 것이다. 본 효소는 O.E.C. 농업국 Kopf 박사의 주선으로 구득한 것으로서 견사해서 및 정련에 있어서 이미 Papain 효소에 의한 성적이 발표된바 있으나 수제 효소로 인한 고찰을 최초인 듯하다. (중략)

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 1994

This study was carried out investigate the characteristics of Habutae and Chiffon woven with silk and polyester(S/P) compound yarn. The S/P compound yarn could be produced by the automatic reeling machine with attachment of air jetting device, polyester yarn guider and tension control apparatus. The surface structure, tensile property and dyeing fastness of S/P compound fabric were examined for the fabric properties. Electron microscopy revealed that most part of S/P compound yarn was well interlaced and some silk part of compound yarn were hidden by polyester on an examination of surface of chiffon fabric. By the one bath and two step dyeing of disperse and acidic dyes, the colour fastness of S/P compound fabrics were 4 grade above. The tenacity and initial modulus of the finished S/P compound fabric were lower than those of grey and degummed fabrics, but reversed in elongation.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.10
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• pp.99-105
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• 1969

The results of investigation and management analysis for the silk filatures in Korea until 1968 are evaluated as followings. (1) The average cocoon purchasing amount for a filature was found as 10,800kg and they are processed 105kg per man on the cocoon assorting process, 8,683kg per day during the drying process of which 42 percent are dried with low temperature drying system. (2) The average cocoon cooking capacity is 50 g, cocoon per minute, but the cooking capacity per man is smaller in case of larger factory. (3) The silk production capacity per month per a filature is 6,000kg and the amount gets smaller in case of larger factory. (4) The employee cost per one kg of raw silk production was found as high in smaller factory and it was found that 200~300 sets size was the optimum capacity for operation. (5) In case of multiends silk reeling machine, the employee cost for the silk reeling process acts as the most peculier factor among six different cocoon processes and it is reached to conclued to deduct the number of employees for this process in order to deduct the production cost. (6) The correlation coefficients between cost factors and total labour cost was found as 46 percent, therefore the rest (54％) will be the production cost other than labour cost.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

Precocious metamorphosis was induced in two popular bivoltine breeds i.e. YB and $NB_4D_2$ by an imidazole compound having anti-juvenile hormone activity. The chemical was administered by feeding treatment with mulberry leaf to freshly moulted (0-6 hrs) IV instar larvae. The dose of the chemical was found to be breed specific being 650 ppm for YB and 500 ppm for $NB_4D_2$. The chemical caused complete skipping up of the fifth instar larvae which is most susceptible to diseases. But IV instar was somewhat prolonged. As a result the total larval period was reduced by 4-5 days. However, some of the rearing and reeling parameters like cocoon yield, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell %, filament length and fecundity were reduced for that particular generation only. The effective rate of rearing (ERR %) was significantly increased in trimoulters during the most unfavourable August - September seed crop season. Number of cocoons / kg and number of male moth were significantly higher in trimoulters. These may be useful for preparation of $multi{\times}bi$ hybrid seed. Fine denier was also found in trimoulter cocoon which is the cause of getting fine silk filament from trimoulter cocoons. Normal mating behaviour and emergence pattern was recorded in trimoulters. Bivoltine trimoulter males also showed competence for mating with multivoltine females. These results suggest the possibility of getting trimoulter males during hot and humid seasons when rearing of bivoltine is almost impossible particularly in Eastern and North Eastern India.