• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2008

Dyslipidemia is the multiple lipid metabolic disorders which is one of the high risk factors for the atherosclerotic diseases. It increases the morbidity and mortality and therefore, must be treated with antilipidemic agents. HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors (statins), one of many antidyslipidemic agents, have shown to be significant improvement from the various cholesterol levels. Especially, data from many comparative trials suggest that rosuvastatin is more effective than atorvastatin among many other statins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety between rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in the treatment of Korean patients with dyslipidemia. Currently the Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis based on the Korean health screening data suggests that Korean patients with dyslipidemia should be treated by the target cholesterol levels according to the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines of the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III). We reviewed retrospectively all medical histories of the total 392 dyslipidemic patients with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin from June 1st, 2004 to August 31st, 2006 in Chungbuk National University Medical Center. Patients were classified as total 4 groups by the NCEP-ATP III Guidelines. The numbers of enrolled patients were each 5 mg atorvastatin (n=34), 10 mg atorvastatin (n=148), 5 mg rosuvastatin (n=94) and 10 mg rosuvastatin (n=82). In comparison between groups, rosuvastatin groups in the lowering LDL-C had better efficacies, and the results were each 22% (5 mg atorvastatin), 33.3% (10 mg atorvastatin), 35% (5 mg rosuvastatin) and 41.3% (10 mg rosuvastatin) with the dose relationship (P=0.000). Rosuvastatin groups also have shown to be more significantly reducing Total Cholesterol levels compared to atorvastatin groups with the no dose relationship (P=0.000). In the lowering of non-HDL cholesteroles, rosuvastatin groups showed significantly better efficacies than atorvastatin with the dose-relationship (P=0.000). Each medication groups did not demonstrate the differences in the changing of HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels (P=0.096, 0.309, respectively). In conclusion, rosuvastatin was better efficacious than atrovastatin in reducing LDL-C Total Chol, and Tg. Therefore, rosuvastatin is a good antilipidemic agents for Korean patients with dyslipidemia and it can use to minimize the morbidity and mortality related to the cardiovascular diseases in Korean.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2002

Oxidative stress derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major damaging factors in plants exposed to environmental stress. In order to develop the platform technology to solve the global food and environmental problems in the 21st century, we focus on the understanding of the antioxidative mechanism in plant cells, the development of oxidative stress-inducible antioxidant genes, and the development of transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to stress. In this report, we describe our recent results on industrial transgenic plants by the gene manipulation of antioxidant enzymes. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts were developed and were evaluated their protection effects against stresses, suggesting that simultaneous overexpression of both SOD and APX in chloroplasts has synergistic effects to overcome the oxidative stress under unfavorable environments. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human dehydroascorbate reductase gene in chloroplasts were showed the protection against the oxidative stress in plants. Transgenic cucumber plants expressing high level of SOD in fruits were successfully generated to use the functional cosmetic purpose as a plant bioreactor. In addition, we developed a strong oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase promoter, SWPA2 from sweetpotato (lpomoea batatas). We anticipate that SWPA2 promoter will be biotechnologically useful for the development of transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to environmental stress and particularly transgenic cell lines engineered to produce key pharmaceutical proteins.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bulbs of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Liliaceae) collected from Daegwallyoung (D) and Ullung Island (U) in Korea were obtained using three different extracting methods. The first extracts, DL-1 DB-1, UL-1 and UB-1, were obtained from leaves (L) and bulbs (B) dried at $90^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the second extracts, DL-2, DB-2, UL-2 and UB-2, were obtained by extracting the leaves and bulbs of fresh plant parts. The third extracts DL-3, DB-3, UL-3 and UB-3 were obtained by incubating leaves and bulbs at $36^{\circ}C$. The six extracts obtained from A. victorialis var. platyphyllum at Daegwanllyoung (cultivated site) were orally administered to examine for a possible antihepatotoxic effect in $CCl_4-induced$ rats. DL-1 exhibited the most pronounced effect. The extracts inhibited serum ALT, AST, SDH, ${\gamma}-GT$, ALP and LDH activities elevated by $CCl_4$ injection and attenuated decreased glutathione S-transferase, glutatione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamylcysteine$ synthetase activities and a decreased hepatic glutathione. However, the extracts obtained from Ullung Is. (native site) were less active than the extracts from Daegwallyoung, suggesting that A. victorialis var. platyphyllum from the cultivated site is more useful for functional food than of native site. These results also suggest that the antihepatotoxic effect is due to a higher content of hepatic glutathione. Gas chromatography of the twelve extracts showed significantly different sulfides, disulfides or trisulfides contents belonging to volatile sulfur substances (VSS). Nine components were identified on the basis of their mass spectra, namely, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, 3,4-dihydro-3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, and allithiamine. Extract DL-1 had the highest VSS content. Dried plant materials contained larger amounts of the VSSs than other extracts, and the leaves contained larger amount than the bulbs. These results suggest that heat treatment increases the antiheaptotoxic ability of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum by increasing the proportion of VSSs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.691-695
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glycoprotein isolated from Morus indica L. (MIL) on plasma cholesterol levels and on the activities of hepatic detoxicant enzymes in ICR mice. MIL glycoprotein evidenced good scavenging activities against lipid peroxyl radicals. When the mice were treated with Triton WR-1339, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in plasma increased significantly by 53.9 and 47.5 mg/dL, respectively, as compared to the controls. However, when pretreated with MIL glycoprotein $(100{\mu}g/mL)$, ICR mice showed marked reductions to 55.4 and 47.0 mg/dL, as compared to Triton WR-1339 treatment alone. Interestingly, high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unchanged. These results indicate that the MIL glycoprotein is capable of scavenging lipidperoxyl radicals, lowering plasma lipid levels, and increasing the activities of detoxicant enzymes in the mouse liver.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) derived from aged garlic. Rat hepotocytes and HepG2 cells were used to determine the short-term effects of SAMC on [$^{14}C$] acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and several enzymatic steps. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC. At concentration of 20~40 ${\mu}g/ml$, no significant cells viability effect was noted during those incubation periods. However, at a concentration 60 ${\mu}g/ml$, cell viability decreased approximately 50% compared with the control. The treatment of cells with 5, 10, 15, and 20 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC resulted in a marked of [$^{14}C$]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol. At concentration of 15 ${\mu}g/ml$, the cholesterol synthesis was inhibited 79% in cells. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were measured in culture hepatocytes treated with the inhibitors. The activity of FAS in cells treated with 0.95 nmol SAMC was 19% lower than that of nontreated cells, and no affected G6PDH activity, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co A activity was decreased at concentration dependant manner. The present study demonstrates that SAMC is effective in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1222-1228
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• 1998

Stress will induce various changes in human metabolism. The remarkable phenomenon of these changes is increased energy metabolism that can induce many reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS can peroxidize cellular macromolecules including lipid and protein. The object of this study was to investigate that stress may induce cellular damage by producing ROS and that Rooibos tea can protect cells against reactive oxygen species by immobilization stress in SD rat. The stress group significantly increased in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), one of the stress hormone. Rooibos tea treatment had no effects on 5-HIAA contents, but body weight of Rooibos tea treated rat more increased than that of only the stress group. It was suggested that Rooibos tea colud not affect stress response itself, but protect against the another mechanism. We thought that the oxidative damage was caused by increased energy metabolism. Protein degradation level and lipid peroxide formation on index of oxidative damage significantly increased in the stress group. But the stress-induced activity change could not be observed in antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. But the catalase activity of the brain significantly was inhibited by the stress. From these results, it was suggested that the immobilization stress induce the brain oxidative damage. However the oxidative damage was inhibited by feeding Rooibos tea containing various antioxidants, such as polyphenol, flavonoid and so on. Therefore, Rooibos tea have the protective effects against the stress caused by the ROS mediated cellular damage.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1557-1562
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• 2005

A mechanism of hair cell damage caused by noise and ototoxic agents is mediated through generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is known that most of animals have defense systems to protect against ROS, and the cochlea of inner ear in animals also has ROS defense systems including several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH), which efficiently detoxifying ROS generated under normal condition. Steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa have been traditionally used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of auditory disease such as tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss as well as inflammatory diseases, hectic fever, night sweat, and headache. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract from steamed roots of R. giutinosa (ESRG) increased the antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR activities and GSH level in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. This extract itself did not show any significant cytotoxicity up to $50{\mu}g/ml$. Our results further support the view that ESRG is promising sources of potential antioxidants. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the effects of ESRG on the regulation of cellular mechanisms and isolating and identifying the substances responsible for the regulation of antioxidant enzyme system from the plant extracts.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 2003

The potent biosynthetic precursors, 24$\alpha$-methylcholesterol and 24$\alpha$-methylcholestanol, and the endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs), castasterone (CS) and 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS), were identified from shoots of maize seedlings. In addition, the presence for activities of several enzymes involved in the late C6-oxida-lion pathway from 24$\alpha$-methylcholestanol to CS was demonstrated in the plants. However, activity for brassinolide (BL) synthase which catalyze the conversion of CS to BL, the last step of the late C6-oxidation pathway, was not detected in the enzyme solution obtained from the maize shoots. Together with the fact that BL was not identified from the maize shoots, these results strongly suggested that BRs in the maize shoots are biosynthesized during seedling growth and the active BR in the shoots is not BL but CS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1373-1377
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• 2007

준설은 수중굴착, 운반(배송), 매립 기술로 구분되는데, 국내에서는 아직까지 각 기술을 통합한 체계적인 연구가 수행되지 못하고 있다. 준설분야는 토질, 수리 등의 토목 분야 기술뿐만 아니라 기계, 제어, 환경 등 여러 분야의 기술들이 매우 복잡하게 연계되어 있으며, 제한된 소수의 기술자들과 특수 대형 장비-준설선에 의해 수행되기 때문이다. 최근에는 장비의 대형화, 첨단화가 진행되면서 선진국과의 기술격차로 인해 국제 경쟁력이 약화되어 심각한 위기에 처해있는 현장기술 분야이다. 유럽의 델프트 공대, IHC, 준설협회(CEDA)는 세계 기술 개발을 주도하고 있으며, 미국에서는 육군공병단의 수로국에서 준설을 담당하고 있으며 DOER(Dredging Operation & Environmental Research) 기술 개발을 주도하는 등 선진국에서는 이미 여러 연구가 진행되었으며 준설기술이 정착되어있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 현대건설에서 보유중인 아산3호를 모델로 축소모형을 제작하여 실험하였다. 본 연구에서는 선행실험으로 성층형성 및 석션펌프 작동시 물입자의 운동방향을 PIV로 촬영한 결과에 커터헤드를 추가 장착 시행하여 이를 바탕으로 수치해석시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 수정 보완 할 것이다. 차후 실험에서는 준설토의 조건과 기계적 조건 및 환경적인 영향력을 고려한 여러 가지 방법으로 진행할 계획이며, 실험 조건에서는 각 매개변수를 달리하여 이를 토대로 데이터를 구성하고, 측정을 통해서 얻어지는 결과 값을 기초로 하여 준설시에 환경과 매개변수의 조건에 따른 준설량의 특성을 파악하고 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 방향을 제시할 것이며, 이를 통해서 기본적인 메뉴얼을 구성할 계획이다. 수리실험의 결과값을 바탕으로 이를 현실무 작업에 적용할 경우 효율적인 준설작업을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 유의차가 없었다. 간조직 중 총지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성 지방 함량은 HC군이 NC군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었다. HC-LREL 군과 HC-LREH군은 HC군에 비하여 간조직 중 총지질 함량만이 유의하게 저하되었다. 이상의 결과 연근 에탄올 추출물은 in vitro에서 HMG-CoA reductase 활성을 농도 의존적으로 저하시켰으며, in vivo 에서는 고콜레스테롤 식이급여로 증가되어진 LDL-콜레스테롤 및 중성지질 함량을 감소시키고, 감소되어진 인지질 함량을 증가시킴으로써 고콜레스테롤 혈증 및 지방간의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있을 것으로 사료되나 연근의 어떠한 성분의 작용 기전에 의한 것인지에 대해서는 더욱 체계적인 연구가 요구된다.}nlein$ nephritis가 3례로 가장 많았다. 미세변화 신증후군 71명 중 비재발군이 16명으로 22.5%, 비빈발 재발군 49.3%, 빈발 재발군 18.3%, 스테로이드 의존군 9.9%를 보였다. 결론 : 대전시에서의 신증후군 환아의 발생빈도는 15세이하 소아 10만명당 약 5명으로 추정되었으며 10여 년전과 비교하여 큰 변화를 보이지는 않았다. 또한 저자들의 임상병리학적 연구결과가 다른 문헌에서 보고된 소아 신증후군의 연구결과와 큰 차이를 보이지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 자극에 차이가 있지 않나 추측되며 이에 관한 추후 연구가 요망된다. 총대장통과시간의 단축은 결장 분절 모두에서 줄어들어 나타났으나 좌측결장 통과시간의 감소 및 이로 인한 이 부위의 통과시간 비율의 저하가 가장 주요하였다. 이러한 결과는 차가운 생수 섭취가 주로 결장 근위부를 자극하는 효과를 발휘하는 것이 아닌가 해석된다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 생다시마를 주원료로 개발된 생다시마차와 생다시마 음료가 만성 기능성 변비 증세를 개선하는 효

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 1987

To know the effect of presowing seed soaking with some growth substances (kinetin, IAA, ethrel and salicylic acid) on vegetative growth and yield contributing parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] the investigation was undertaken. The salient features from the study are;-All the treatments showed the enhancement effect on vegetative growth, viz. seediling emergence, germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant as compared with control, whereas salicylic acid delayed the seedling emergence process and lowered the germination percentage.-Nodule initiation, number of nodules and nodule weight were hastened and increased respectively under all the treatments whereas IAA showed an opposite effect on all the parameters at the early stages of nodule development.-Kinetin, IAA and ethrel showed the significant enhancement effect on the levels of biochemical parameters throughout the time of seed development whereas salicylic acid and water showed the tendency similar to that of control.-Yield and its components, viz. number of flowers, pods and seeds per plant were significant increased under all the treatments but they didn't show any significant enhancement effect on number of seeds per pod and pod setting rate. One hundred seed weight was lower under all the treatments, indicating the dilution effect resulting from incapability of increased number and size of source to provide the increased size of sink with assimilates.