• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2019

After the new standards for labor hours has been released, various problems come up in construction field, such as income reduction of employees, extension of construction period and increased construction cost. Although it is expected that the impact of the new standard on the construction industry is more worse than other industries form the view of productivity, not much works have been done to identify those impacts. Thus, this research proposes the standard construction processes, excavation cycle, and unit construction period for NATM tunnel project based on 'Construction Standard Production Rates.'The study also investigated the impact of reduced labor hours on the management of work crews, construction periods and costs of tunnel projects. The results showed that under the 52 labor hour standard, the construction periods for the excavation work and whole project was increased by 20% and 8.9%, respectively, but the construction costs for the excavation work and whole project was decreased by 1.4% and 0.6%, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.323-332
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate work analysis by use of work sampling and productivity of school feeding at three elementary schools in Seoul. The results were as knows: 1. In the mean work percent of dietitians The direct work functions showed the highest, as the mean work percent was 40.4% for me direct work functions, 29.9% for me indirect work functions and 29.8% for me delays. Among the direct work functions, routine clerical was 30.9%, and receiving was 9.5%. 2. In the mean work percent of bakers The direct work functions (73.5%) marked the highest. Among those, cooking was 41.8%, transportation was 15.9%, and cleaning was 8.5%. 3. In the mean work percent of workers The direct work functions (781%) were me highest. Among those, the decreasing order was cooking (32.3%), cleaning (27.8%), and transportation (13.8%). 4. Work percent per labor hour The work percent per labor hour of dietitians was higher in the morning than in me afternoon, while they continued to work even during the lunch time. Bakers usually worked in me morning, but rarely worked in me afternoon. Workers had lunch and break time after their food service. In me school aided by parents volunteers, the total work time of workers was reduced by an hour and their work percent in me afternoon was high. 5. The number of mea1s served per labor hour was 32.6 meals, and me labor time spent per served mea1 was 1.8 minutes.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 1998

The study aimed at development of a riding-type mulberry harvester for mechanical harvest. A riding-type mulberry harvester has been developed to harvest on sloped land with a higher efficiency. It has been implemented over a period of 2 years from 1996 to 1997. The result is as follows. It moves on carterpillar with a level adjusting system. It reduced only from 14.6 hrs to 0.9hrs/10a for cutting in a range of 25 to 80 cm high and possibly used for both spring and autumn. It reduced only the labor requirements of mulberry harvesting by 94 percent, as compared to that of the manual harvest. All related processes, cutting, binding and loading are simultaneously done by this harvester and totally it can reduce 96 percent of the labor requirements, as compared to 20.4 hrs/10a of the manual harvest. The machine compared to improved mulberry harvest efficiency with 11.11a per hour by about 23 times as compared to 0.49a per hour manpower. Cost analysis indicated that the riding-type mulberry harvester saved overall cost by 66 percent from 980,000 won per ha manpower to 330,000 won per ha.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1995

The experiment is conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest if cultivating the potatoes using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 60 min., fixing + turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., the time of harvest is 65 min and 30sec., digging working hours using cultivator are 99 min. and fixing +turning time is 5 min. and 30sec., but the time of hand harvesting is 990 min. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 94% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 90%. On non mulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 49 min. and 30 sec. and that by cultivator does 87 min. and 30 sec., and digging labor saving effect shows 94% in the tractor harvest and 90% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and non mulching show, $0.091\sim0.121ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger both show $0.057\sim0.069ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of potatoes, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the potatoes with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 20 min./10a in vinyl mulching and 19 hours. and 54 min./10a in non mulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows $42\sim45%$ in comparison with 35 hours and 21 min. $\sim35$ hours and 23 min.($123,113\sim130,613$ won) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $71,250\sim72,225$ won. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 55 min. and non mulching 19 hours and 38 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $14\sim44%$ ($72,675\sim73,313$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to reduce the labor and production cost with the labor save of harvest in cultivating the onion using the machine and the results are as follows. On labor saving effect in transparent vinyl mulching, digging working hours per 10a in the case of using tractor are 55 min., fixing + turning time is 11 min.,the time of harvest is 66 min, digging working hours using cultivator are 90 min. and fixing + turning time is 9 min., but the time of hand harvesting is 693 min and 41 sec. and in digging labor saving effect, tractor shows 90% in the harvesting period and harvest by cultivator 86%. On nonmulching cases, the harvest by tractor takes 44 min. and that by cultivator does 75 min, and digging labor saving effect shows 93.6% in the tractor harvest and 89% in the cultivator harvest. Therefore, on the operation efficiency per hour, in the case of tractor with digger vinyl mulching and nonmulching show $0.091\sim0.136ha$ and in the case of cultivator with digger-both show $0.061\sim0.08ha$, but in the case of hand harvest, vinyl mulching and nonmulching are $0.008\sim0.009ha$, so in the mechanized harvest of onion, the harvest by tractor with digger is the best. On the cost and labor save for harvesting the onion with labor saving effect, tractor shows 19 hours and 26min./10a in vinyl mulching and 18 hours and 54min./10a in nonmulching, so it shows the short hours for harvesting. And labor saving effect shows 37% in comparison with 29 hours and 49 min. $\sim30$ hours and 38 min.($110,587\sim113,925won$) of the hand harvest, so the cost was reduced to $69,525\sim72,225won$. On the cultivator with diggers, vinyl mulching takes 19 hours and 49 min and nonmulching 20 hours and 2 min., so the labor saving effect and cost were reduced to $32\sim36%$($73,087\sim75,075$ won) in comparison with the hand harvest.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2006

These experiments were executed to develop an effective rearing or collecting equipments for silkworm excreta. The rearing devices were an assembly one equipped with wheels, and its weight was reduced so that the convenience was improved. In the amount of collecting silkworm according to the size of mess, the size of 7.0*7.0 mm had 36% more than the size of 5.0*5.0 mm. However, the falling silkworm had a little (0.3%) occurred for the period of rearing the 5day-silkworm. The amount of collecting silkworm excreta using the devised collecting equipment was 19.7 kg per box at the two-floored rearing boxes. In the budget of labor hour, the devised collecting equipment have reduced the labor of traditional handy work to 65% and the productivity of labor (kg/hour) was increased to 55%. The cost of production was also decreased to 35.9%.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.152-159
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• 2018

Purpose: This study identified the influence of hotel workers' emotional labor and social support on their intentions to change jobs. Methods: Study participants were 437 workers from seven hotels in Korea who consented to the survey. Among them, insufficient responses from 21 participants were excluded, as well as 107 responses from workers with workloads of under one hour of face to face work. Thus, 309 hotel workers were included in the final analysis. A multivariate regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the hotel workers' intention to change jobs. Results: The intention to change jobs was high when external behavior was shown, and workers who received social support from a superior exhibited low intention of changing jobs. Conclusion: The study results show that the most influential variables of turnover intention are external behavior and the support of a superior. It is therefore important to educate managers on personnel management methods for reducing external behaviors so that the rate of job changes by hotel workers can be reduced. It is also necessary to prepare and manage measures for strengthening the support system by workplace superiors.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2021

Labor contracts appear in form as an exchange relationship between labor products and wages, but since they transcend the level of simple barter, they can be economically identified as "trading" and can be identified as "rental." From a legal point of view, a legal device that legally supports and imposes binding force on commodity exchange relations is a contract. Such a labor contract led to a relationship in which wages were received and a certain amount of time was placed under the direction and supervision of the employer as a counter benefit to the receipt of wages. Since working hours are subordinate hours with one's labor under the disposition authority of the employer, long hours of work can be done for the health and safety of workers and furthermore, it can be an act that violates the value to enjoy as a human being. The reduction of working hours needs to be shortened in terms of productivity and enjoyment of workers' culture so that they can expand and reproduce, but users' corporate management labor and production activities should also be compatible compared to those pursued by capitalist countries. Working hours can be seen as individual time and time in society as a whole, and long hours of work at the individual level are reduced, which is undesirable at the individual level, but an increase in products due to an increase in production time at the social level can help social development. It is necessary to consider working hours in terms of finding the balance between these individual and social levels. If the regulation method of working hours was to regulate the total amount of working hours, flexibility and elasticity of working hours are a qualitative regulation method that allows companies to flexibly allocate and organize working hours within a certain range of up to 52 hours per week. Accordingly, it is necessary to shorten working hours, but expand and implement the flexible working hours system according to the situation of the company. To this end, it is necessary to flexibly operate the flexible working hours system, which is currently limited to six months, handle the selective working hours by agreement between employers and workers, and expand the target work of discretionary working hours according to the development of information and communication technology and new types based on the 4th industrial revolution.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.428-432
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• 2003

This study was carried out to develop and investigate integrated mechanization system for culture of carrot. Compared with the conventional hand planting, use of a mechanical planter for pelleted seeds resulted in a saving of planting time by 225 hours. An additional saving of 460 hours was obtained for thinning the seedlings. Besides seeds could be saved by 72%, planting and thinning be done only in 35 hours per ha field when the pelleted seeds were planted with a planter. Work hour reduced by adopting the mechanical planting of pelleted seeds sharply contrasted to that of 720 hours required for hand-planting the thinning hours, resulting in a reduction of labor by more than 95%. SMP followed pelleting tended not only to increase the percentage of seedling emergence in the field but to induce an a day earlier germination.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.40-44
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• 2004

This study was conducted to solve the problem of spinach harvesting done by manpower at the outdoor field during the cold winter season. Prototype spinach harvester was designed to dig, pick-up, and collect in a continuous operation for harvesting outdoor field-planted crawling type spinach. In the field test, two types of blades (Type A : angle of $150^{\circ}$, Type B : straight) were used for measuring the cutting loads of spinach and chain conveyor with lugs was used for picking up the root cut spinach. Prototype's vibrating blade reduced the digging power of the fixed blade by $46\%$. The loss was also very little ($0.7\%$) with a digging depth of 4 cm, an oscillation frequency of 748 rpm, and an oscillation distance of 33 mm. The working performance of the prototype spinach harvester was 38 hour/ha resulting to $96\%$ labor cost reduction compared to the conventional harvesting.