• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2012

This study investigated the heat level rating of several varieties of Korean red peppers. The chemical constitution of Korean red pepper samples were as follows: 0.54~290.15 mg% capsaicinoids, 79.22~139.09 ASTA value, and 16.76~29.92% free sugar content. The heat level of the Korean red pepper samples was evaluated by trained panelists and the correlation coefficient and F value (0.001%) of the panelist’s results were determined to be significant. In the principle component analysis (PCA), PC1 (capsaicinoids) and PC2 (free sugar) were shown to represent 31.98% and 25.77% of the total variance, respectively. The results of panelists trained for red pepper heat rating were evaluated using analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The trained panelists showed a high F value (p=0.05) and high correlation coefficient. A high correlation efficient of 0.84~0.93 for the test samples with a 40 Scoville heat unit (32,000 SHU red pepper powder) was reported in the sensory evaluation of the Korean red pepper heat level by a trained panel. However, the panel showed a low correlation efficiency of 0.70 $R^2$ when the 60 SHU test samples were included in the analysis.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.12 no.7
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study is to investigate the removal characteristics of cadmium(Cd) and lead(Pb) by adsorption on red mud and to study the adsorption characteristics of Cd and Pb using red mud activated by acid treatment and calcination. The adsorption of Cd and Pb on red mud was significantly achieved within 1hour and equilibrated after 5 hours. The adsorption capacity of Cd and Pb on red mud increased with increasing pH. The neutralization of red mud by distilled water or acid and the activation of red mud by acid treatment or calcination decreased the adsorption capacity of Cd and Pb on red mud, suggesting that Cd and Pb could be effectively eliminated by adsorption on red mud without any pretreatment or modification. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models were successfully applied to describe the adsorption behavior of Cd and Pb on red mud. The $q_m$ of Langmuir adsorption model and $K_F$ of Freundlich adsorption model were 5.230mg/g and 1.118mg/g for Cd and 22.222mg/g and 7.241mg/g for Pb, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.433-442
• /
• 2021

The fermented red ginseng by microorganism is known to increase pharmacological activity in vivo. To evaluate the bioavailablity of red ginseng fermented by probiotics, we conducted the pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1, Rd and total ginsenosides (TG, ginsenosides Rb1 + Rd + Rg1 + F2 + Rg3 + compound K) in BALB/C mice. The AUC value of ginsenoside Rb1 in mice serum administered with 600mg/kg drugs showed 21.93 ± 14.68 ng·h/mL (RGw, water extract), 275.211 ± 110.04 ng·h/mL (RGe, 50% ethanol extract) and 404.91 ± 162.57 ng·h/mL (fRGe, fermented red ginseng extract). Analysis of ginsenoside Rd also showed a higher ACU value in fRGe than in RGw or RGe. And the AUC value of total ginsenosides in mice serum treated with 600 mg/kg were observed 42.12 ± 23.44 ng·h/mL (RGw), 321.44 ± 133.5 ng·h/mL (RGe) and 537.33 ± 229.01 ng·h/mL (fRGe), respectively. C_max value of ginsenoside Rb1 in mice administered with 600mg/kg were observed 3.67 ± 3.34 ng/mL (RGw), 23.27 ± 8.81 ng/mL (RGe) and 25.52 ± 7.29 ng/mL (fRGe). These results can be considered that the fermented red ginseng has more bioavailability than that of unfermented red ginseng. In quantitative analysis of the inflammation-related cytokines IL-1β and TNF, no significant difference was found between the fermented red ginseng (fRGe) and the red ginseng (RGe).

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.75.2-75.2
• /
• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 1991

The flavonoids from plants is very widly used as natural dye for food and medicine etc. In this study, red pine which is widespread in Korea was studied to find new chemicals which may use as raw material for the special purpose. The fIavonoids of red pine bark were separated with Sephadex LH-20 and Toyo pearl HW-40F as packed materials and the structure of separated f1avonoids was determined by $^1H$-and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. The (+) catechin which is widespread in nature and dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside were found in red pine bark. The dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside is newly found in this species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.593-603
• /
• 2023

Background: Korean Red Ginseng is a major source of bioactive substances such as ginsenosides. Efficacy of red ginseng extract (RGE), which contains not only saponins but also various non-saponins, has long been studied. In the water-soluble component-rich fraction of RGE (WS), a byproduct generated in the process of extracting saponins from the RGE, we identified previously unidentified molecules and confirmed their efficacy. Methods: The RGE was prepared and used to produce WS, whose components were isolated sequentially according to their water affinity. The new compounds from WS were fractionized and structurally analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physiological applicability was evaluated by verifying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies of these compounds in vitro. Results: High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the obtained WS comprised 11 phenolic acid and flavonoid substances. Among four major compounds from fractions 1-4 (F1-4) of WS, two compounds from F3 and F4 were newly identified in red ginseng. The analysis results show that these compound molecules are member of the maltol-structure-based glucopyranose series, and F1 and F4 are particularly effective for decreasing oxidative stress levels and inhibiting nitric oxide secretion, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a few newly identified maltol derivatives, such as red ginseng-derived non-saponin in the WS, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, making them viable candidates for application to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food materials.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.21 no.12
• /
• pp.644-649
• /
• 2011

[ $A_{3-2x/3}Al_{1-z}In_{z}O_4F:Eu_x^{3+}$ ](A = Ca, Sr, Ba, x = -0.15, z = 0, 0.1) oxyfluoride phosphors were simply prepared by the solid-state method at $1050^{\circ}C$ in air. The phosphors had the bright red photoluminescence (PL) spectra of an $A_{3-2x/3}Al_{1-z}In_{z}O_4F$ for $Eu^{3+}$ activator. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the obtained red phosphors were exhibited for indexing peak positions and calculating unit-cell parameters. Dynamic excitation and emission spectra of $Eu^{3+}$ activated red oxyfluoride phosphors were clearly monitored. Red and blue shifts gradually occurred in the emission spectra of $Eu^{3+}$ activated $A_3AlO_4F$ oxyfluoride phosphors when $Sr^{2+}$ by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Ba^{2+}$ ions were substituted, respectively. The concentration quenching as a function of $Eu^{3+}$ contents in $A_{3-2x/3}AlO_4F:Eu^{3+}$ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) was measured. The interesting behaviors of defect-induced $A_{3-2x/3}Al_{1-z}In_{z}O_{4-{\alpha}}F_{1-{\delta}}$ phosphors with $Eu^{3+}$ activator are discussed based on PL spectra and CIE coordinates. Substituting $In^{3+}$ into the $Al^{3+}$ position in the $A_{3-2x/3}AlO_4F:Eu^{3+}$ oxyfluorides resulted in the relative intensity of the red emitted phosphors noticeably increasing by seven times.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.126-132
• /
• 2011

The bulb storability of eight red and ten yellow onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown primarily in Korea was evaluated. During storage, sprouting occurred earlier in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. In addition, the ratio of sprouted to unsprouted bulbs increased more rapidly in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. However, not all yellow cultivars had strong storabilities. Bulb storability of three yellow cultivars was as poor as that of red cultivars, suggesting only a slight possibility of a pleiotropic effect of color and bulb storability. Meanwhile, $F_3$ lines of a red cultivar selected based on stronger storabilities showed intermediate storabilities between those of the red and yellow cultivars, implying that strong storability could be obtained by successive selection. In contrast, $F_1$ hybrids from crosses between yellow and red breeding lines showed poor storability compared with the yellow cultivars, indicating that poor storability may be dominant over strong storability. The relationships between color and other traits that potentially affect storability, such as fresh and dry weight, water content, and firmness of bulbs, were evaluated. No significant differences in these traits were observed between the two colors, although the water content of yellow cultivars and the dry weight of red cultivars were slightly higher than their counterparts. Correlation analyses between bulb storability and other traits, including weight, water content, and firmness, also showed no significant correlations. In this study, no correlations were identified between bulb color, storability, and other traits. However, based on these results, red cultivars with stronger storabilities could be developed through successive selection of bulbs with stronger storabilities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.542-549
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the body size, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and related environmental factors between Red-tongued viper snakes (Gloydius ussuriensis) inhabiting two different places, i.e., Jeju Island and its islet Gapado, and to provide data required to maintain species diversity from May, 2006 until June, 2009. The snout-vent length of the Red-tongued viper snake population inhabiting Jeju Island was found to be 242-532 mm ($422.0{\pm}46.7mm$, n = 100) in females and 296-580 mm ($434.5{\pm}51.7mm$, n = 63) in males. In contrast, the snout-vent length was observed to be 205-395 mm ($335{\pm}43.6mm$, n = 55) in female and 215-430 mm ($328{\pm}39.4mm$, n = 73) in male Red-tongued viper snakes inhabiting Gapado. These data demonstrated the snout-vent length of both female and male Red-tongued viper snakes on Jeju Island to be larger than those on Gapado (Female t = 17.343, df = 115, P<0.001; Male = 19.128, df = 101, P<0.001). SSD was measured to be -0.03 in the Red-tongued viper snake population on Jeju Island, with more or less larger sizes in the males, while it was 0.02 in the Red-tongued viper snake population in the Gapado, with a little larger sizes in the females. The reason for this difference in the snake populations between Jeju Island and Gapado may be due to adaption to the different ecological environments. In addition, as SSD, the snout-vent length of the Red-tongued viper snake populations and in young vipers was somewhat higher in the males than in the females on Jeju Island (t = -2.011, df = 117, P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the snout-vent length of the young and the general Red-tongued viper snake populations on Gapa Island. For the population on Jeju island, the head length (F = 6.318, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.05), head width (F=8.090, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.01), inter eye length (F=15.898, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.001), and tail length (F=238.488, $df_{1,2}$=1,111, P<0.001) were all larger in the males, while females showed higher body mass (F=64.111, $df_{1,2}$=1,114, P<0.001). In the case of the Gapa Island population, no significant differences in the head length, head width, and inter eye length between females and males were observed, while the males had a longer tail length (F=168.555, $df_{1,2}$=1,74, P<0.001) and the females were heavier (F=17.812, $df_{1,2}$=1,76, P<0.001). Though no significant differences were found in the head length, head width, and inter eye length, the tail length (F=67.793, $df_{1,2}$=1,72, P<0.001) and body mass (F=4.558, $df_{1,2}$=1,72, P<0.05) were higher in the young male Red-tongued viper snakes than in the females. The snout-vent length, head length, head width, and inter eye length, which did not display SSD in the young Red-tongued viper snake populations, were higher in the male Red-tongued viper snake populations than in the female population from Jeju Island, implying that SSD in the Red-tongued viper snake population on Jeju Island is expressed due to environmental effects during their growth.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to compare the color and microstructure of powder, redness, brownness, and antioxidative activity in extruded ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng extracts. The colors of extruded dry ginseng powder (moisture content 30%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm) were similar to those of red ginseng. Intact cell wall structure was examined in dried root ginseng at $70^{\circ}C$ (A), white ginseng with skin (D), white ginseng without skin (E), and red ginseng (F) under a scanning electron microscope. The cell wall was not detected in samples B and C (dry ginsengs extruded with 25% and 30% moisture contents, respectively). Intact starch granules were detected in samples A, D, and E under a scanning electron microscope. Melted starch granules were detected in samples B, C, and F. Colors (L, a, b) of 50% EtOH extracts were similar in samples C and F. Browniness and redness of extracts were high in extruded dry ginseng and red ginseng extracts. Extruded dry ginseng (B) showed higher electron donation ability and phenolic content than the other samples.