• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.595-602
• /
• 2011

The long jump motion of 8 finalist of men's long jump of IAAF World Championships Daegu 2011 were analysed and the kinematic characteristics of the technique were investigated. The kinematic characteristics of long jump motion of 8 finalist were as follows. In the run-up phase, the average length of 3, 2, and 1 stride were $2.21{\pm}0.08$ m, $2.46{\pm}0.18$ m, and $2.19{\pm}0.16$ m, respectively. The change in the height of the center of gravity was $0.09{\pm}0.02$ m. The average velocity of 3, 2, and 1 stride was $10.37{\pm}0.32$ m/s, $9.63{\pm}0.32$ m/s, and $10.69{\pm}10.69$ m/s, respectively. In the take-off phase, the horizontal velocity, the vertical velocity, the reduction of horizontal velocity was $9.00{\pm}0.37$ m/s, $3.04{\pm}0.27$ m/s, and $1.69{\pm}0.34$ m/s, respectively. The minimum knee angle and the take off angle was $157{\pm}6.57^{\circ}$ and $18.5{\pm}2.24^{\circ}$, respectively. In the flight phase, the flight time and the maximum height of the center of gravity was $0.82{\pm}0.05$ s, and $1.70{\pm}0.10$ m, respectively. In the landing phase, the landing length was $0.51{\pm}0.06$ m. The body angle, the knee angle, and the hip angle was $71{\pm}20.93^{\circ}$, $136{\pm}19.19^{\circ}$, and $85{\pm}9.58^{\circ}$, respectively. The kinematic characteristics of long jump motion with good record were shown as follows. The reduction of the horizontal velocity in the take-off phase was minimized while the velocity of the run-up were maximally maintained. The vertical velocity in the take-off phase was increased with rapidly extended knee and the high center of gravity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.775-778
• /
• 2006

Sarabi cows (n = 136) from the Sarabi Breeding Station were genotyped at bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3.2 locus by a genotyping system that used the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples. A two-step polymerase chain reaction was carried out in order to amplify a 284 base-pair fragment of target gene. Nested-PCR products were digested with three restriction endonuclease enzymes RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII. Digested fragments were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-six BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles were identified with frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 15.1%. Six new allele types observed in this study have not been reported previously. Identified alleles include: BoLA-DRB3.$2^*1$, $^*2$, $^*4$, $^*6$, $^*8$, $^*12$, $^*13$, $^*14$, $^*15$, $^*16$, $^*17$, $^*23$, $^*24$, $^*25$, $^*28$, $^*32$, $^*34$, $^*35$, $^*36$, $^*37$, $^*42$, $^*46$, $^*51$, $^*kba$, $^*laa$ and $^*vaa$. Their frequencies were found to be 0.4, 0.4, 0.7, 11.4, 1.1, 1.8, 2.9, 2.2, 4.4, 9.6, 1.1, 13.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.1, 0.7, 0.4, 6.2, 2.2, 3.7, 1.1, 7.7, 1.5, 15.1, 2.6 and 7.3% respectively. The six most frequent alleles (DRB3.2 $^*6$, $^*16$, $^*23$, $^*46$, $^*kba$ and $^*vaa$) accounted for 64.7% of the alleles in the population of this herd. Numerous studies on this locus, covering different breeds, has revealed the existence of various alleles in this locus, and new investigations have introduced novel alleles. With respect to the high number of the observed alleles in this survey and the novelty of some alleles with no previous record of reporting, it is plausible to conclude that the BoLA-DRB3.2 locus is highly polymorphic in Iranian native Sarabi cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.805-812
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to provide basic information to allow improved feeding management for velvet antler production by investigating the effects of dietary protein level on production and chemical composition of velvet antler in spotted deer(Cervus nippon). Eighteen male spotted deer of 5~6 years old were assigned to 3 unreplicated groups by production record of the previous year. Deer were fed on experimental diets at different protein level of 10%(T1), 15%(T2) and 20%(T3). Dry matter intake, crude protein intake and daily gain were increased with increasing the protein level in diets and there were significant differences(P<0.05) between groups. Although not significant, mean length of main beam tended to be longer in either left or right beam with increasing the protein level, and in girth at part of base of main beam, it was a similar pattern to the result of length. The velvet antler production was affected by dietary protein level and thus that was the smallest in T1 and the largest in T3(P<0.05). The content of crude protein in velvet antler was higher in T1 than in T3, whereas the content of crude ash in velvet antler was contrast to that of crude protein, however, there were no significant differences.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.231-242
• /
• 2018

The efficient management of the Length of Stay(LOS) is important in hospital. It is import to reduce medical cost for patients and increase profitability for hospitals. In order to efficiently manage LOS, it is necessary to develop an artificial intelligence-based prediction model that supports hospitals in benchmarking and reduction ways of LOS. In order to develop a predictive model of LOS for acute stroke patients, acute stroke patients were extracted from 2013 and 2014 discharge injury patient data. The data for analysis was classified as 60% for training and 40% for evaluation. In the model development, we used traditional regression technique such as multiple regression analysis method, artificial intelligence technique such as interactive decision tree, neural network technique, and ensemble technique which integrate all. Model evaluation used Root ASE (Absolute error) index. They were 23.7 by multiple regression, 23.7 by interactive decision tree, 22.7 by neural network and 22.7 by esemble technique. As a result of model evaluation, neural network technique which is artificial intelligence technique was found to be superior. Through this, the utility of artificial intelligence has been proved in the development of the prediction LOS model. In the future, it is necessary to continue research on how to utilize artificial intelligence techniques more effectively in the development of LOS prediction model.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.123-127
• /
• 1978

The major objective of this research is to identify those hospital characteristics that best explain cost variation among hospitals and to formulate linear models that can predict hospital costs. Specific emphasis is placed on hospital output, that is, the identification of diagnosis related patient groups (DRGs) which are medically meaningful and demonstrate similar patterns of hospital resource consumption. A casemix index is developed based on the DRGs identified. Considering the common problems encountered in previous hospital cost research, the following study requirements are estab-lished for fulfilling the objectives of this research: 1. Selection of hospitals that exercise similar medical and fiscal practices. 2. Identification of an appropriate data collection mechanism in which demographic and medical characteristics of individual patients as well as accurate and comparable cost information can be derived. 3. Development of a patient classification system in which all the patients treated in hospitals are able to be split into mutually exclusive categories with consistent and stable patterns of resource consumption. 4. Development of a cost finding mechanism through which patient groups' costs can be made comparable across hospitals. A data set of Medicare patients prepared by the Social Security Administration was selected for the study analysis. The data set contained 27,229 record abstracts of Medicare patients discharged from all but one short-term general hospital in Connecticut during the period from January 1, 1971, to December 31, 1972. Each record abstract contained demographic and diagnostic information, as well as charges for specific medical services received. The 'AUT-OGRP System' was used to generate 198 DRGs in which the entire range of Medicare patients were split into mutually exclusive categories, each of which shows a consistent and stable pattern of resource consumption. The 'Departmental Method' was used to generate cost information for the groups of Medicare patients that would be comparable across hospitals. To fulfill the study objectives, an extensive analysis was conducted in the following areas: 1. Analysis of DRGs: in which the level of resource use of each DRG was determined, the length of stay or death rate of each DRG in relation to resource use was characterized, and underlying patterns of the relationships among DRG costs were explained. 2. Exploration of resource use profiles of hospitals; in which the magnitude of differences in the resource uses or death rates incurred in the treatment of Medicare patients among the study hospitals was explored. 3. Casemix analysis; in which four types of casemix-related indices were generated, and the significance of these indices in the explanation of hospital costs was examined. 4. Formulation of linear models to predict hospital costs of Medicare patients; in which nine independent variables (i. e., casemix index, hospital size, complexity of service, teaching activity, location, casemix-adjusted death. rate index, occupancy rate, and casemix-adjusted length of stay index) were used for determining factors in hospital costs. Results from the study analysis indicated that: 1. The system of 198 DRGs for Medicare patient classification was demonstrated not only as a strong tool for determining the pattern of hospital resource utilization of Medicare patients, but also for categorizing patients by their severity of illness. 2. The wei틴fed mean total case cost (TOTC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the study years was $11,27.02 with a standard deviation of $117.20. The hospital with the highest average TOTC ($1538.15) was 2.08 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average TOTC ($743.45). The weighted mean per diem total cost (DTOC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the sutdy years was $107.98 with a standard deviation of $15.18. The hospital with the highest average DTOC ($147.23) was 1.87 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average DTOC ($78.49). 3. The linear models for each of the six types of hospital costs were formulated using the casemix index and the eight other hospital variables as the determinants. These models explained variance to the extent of 68.7 percent of total case cost (TOTC), 63.5 percent of room and board cost (RMC), 66.2 percent of total ancillary service cost (TANC), 66.3 percent of per diem total cost (DTOC), 56.9 percent of per diem room and board cost (DRMC), and 65.5 percent of per diem ancillary service cost (DTANC). The casemix index alone explained approximately one half of interhospital cost variation: 59.1 percent for TOTC and 44.3 percent for DTOC. Thsee results demonstrate that the casemix index is the most importand determinant of interhospital cost variation Future research and policy implications in regard to the results of this study is envisioned in the following three areas: 1. Utilization of casemix related indices in the Medicare data systems. 2. Refinement of data for hospital cost evaluation. 3. Development of a system for reimbursement and cost control in hospitals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.1044-1049
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate whether the presence of light or different colors of light would influence the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. Eight 8-week-old broiler chickens were adapted to a respiration chamber (Length, 28.5 cm; Height, 38.5 cm; Width, 44.0 cm) for one week prior to the initiation of the experiment. In experiment 1, energy expenditure and behavior of the chickens were analyzed in the presence or absence of light for four days. Chickens were exposed to 6 cycles of 2 h light/2 h dark period per day. In experiment 2, the broiler chickens that had been used in experiment 1 were used to evaluate the effect of 4 different wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. The LEDs used in this study had the following wavelength bands; white (control), red (618 to 635 nm), green (515 to 530 nm) and blue (450 to 470 nm). The chickens were randomly exposed to a 2-h LED light in a random and sequential order per day for 3 days. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the chickens were recorded using an open-circuit calorimeter system, and energy expenditure was calculated based on the collected data. The behavior of the chickens was analyzed based on following categories i.e., resting, standing, and pecking, and closed-circuit television was used to record these behavioral postures. The analysis of data from experiment 1 showed that the energy expenditure was higher (p<0.001) in chickens under light condition compared with those under dark condition. The chickens spent more time with pecking during a light period, but they frequently exhibited resting during a dark period. Experiment 2 showed that there was no significant difference in terms of energy expenditure and behavior based on the color of light (white, red, green, and blue) to which the chickens were exposed. In conclusion, the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens were found to be strongly affected by the presence of light. On the other hand, there was no discernible difference in their energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens exposed to the different LED lights.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2004

Purpose: Several panoramic indices have been suggested to assess bone quality from the morphology and width of mandibular cortex on panoramic radiography. The purpose of this study was to compare dental implant failure group with control group in panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and gonion index (GI) and to determine the effect of these panoramic indices on dental implant failure. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was designed. Test group (n=42) consisted of the patients who had their implants extracted because of peri-implantitis. Control group (n=139) consisted of the patients who retained their implants over one year without any pathologic changes and had been followed up periodically. They had dental implants installed in their mandibles without bone augmentation surgery from 1991 to 2001. The following measures were collected for each patients: 1) PMI, MCI, and GI were measured twice at one-week interval on preoperative panoramic views; and 2) age, sex, implant length, implant type, installed location, occluding dentition state, and complication were investigated from the chart record. Results: The PMI showed moderate level of repeatability. The intra-observer agreement of MCI and GI were good. There was statistically significant difference in PMI between two groups. There were significant different patterns of distribution of MCI and GI between two groups. Among the panoramic indices, PMI and MCI showed significant correlation with dental implant failure. Conclusion: Panoramic indices can be used as reference data in estimating bone quality of edentulous patients who are to have implants installed in their mandibles.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the contributing factors in facial soft tissue injuries among children. A record-based analysis was carried out on 126 patients with facial lacerations who visited I hospital in the dept of plastic surgery from April 2010 to May 2011. Through all age group showed a significant difference in incidence rate for male and female.(p<.05). Overall, 49% of injuries occurred outdoors and the most frequent cause of injury was slip-down (42%), followed by being struck (40%). In general, the frequency of injuries peaked summer(30.2%) and increased between 12pm and 4pm. 105 patients (83.3%) arrived at the emergency room within an hour. The forehead(26%) was the most commonly injured area. The depth of soft tissue injuries was mostly subcutaneous(54%), and 1~2cm was the length of injury with the highest incidence(46%). Most children (40%) needed local anesthesia and only 4 children (1.53%) suffered associated fractures. Facial injuries require special attention because of their potential threat in inducing permanent scar or disfigurement. For the safety of children, the preventive measures to reduce facial soft tissue injuries must be improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2004

This study is about the paper of Mulberry(桑紙). The paper which was usually applied to the ancient bookpaper and documents. But there is a rare record about it today. So the paper was made from the Mulberry(뽕나무) bast fiber using traditional handcraft method. and Paper Mulberry(닥나무) by traditional method. And tested by physical and optical methods in comparisons with Paper Mulberry(닥나무). The ratio of length/width of Mulberry fiber was 475, and its lignin content was lower than the Paper Mulberry. The Mulberry paper had similar forming properties and physical strength to the Paper Mulberry fiber. Therefore, the Mulberry fiber seem to be a good paper fiber for traditional paper. For the aging test, in the thermal acceleration treatment for 72 hours and 144 hours at the temperature of $105^{\circ}C$ incubator, the Mulberry paper was more deteriorative than the Paper Mulberry. In the ultraviolet acceleration treatment for 100 hours and 200 hours the Mulberry paper was less interior to the Paper Mullberry, in the increase of treatment time. And the Mulberry paper was approved to be a good traditional paper in appearance. Furthumore, in considing the sample of bred Mulberry species grown today, its paper is thought to be superio to the paper of Paper Mulberry in symptom of senility in natural ultraviolet light.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.3336-3340
• /
• 2010

This study has been carried out against hospitals with less than 100 beds, which were excluded from the previous study on the discharged patients from January 1 to December 31, 2007. To analyze the discharged patients, the general characteristics of discharged patients, means of payment for medical costs, type of disease and surgery and current status of the use of medical services have been investigated based on the medical records. During the year of 2007, the number of discharged patients from the hospitals with less than 100 beds reached 4,697,095 (9.7% of total population). In other words, 9,693 people were discharged from a hospital per 100,000 populations with 9.8 days in terms of annual mean length of hospitalization. The number of patients who returned home after hospitalization reached 4,538,861 (male: 1,784,041, female: 2,754,821) while 119,378 patients were evacuated to other hospitals. Among them, 8,970 patients were returned back to the original hospital. Based on the results of this study, they could be used in could be used in planning a project which is aimed to reduce public health costs by investigating high-risk groups with particular injuries and preventing damage. In addition, the injury monitoring data which are continuously collected could be useful in monitoring and evaluating the efficiency of an injury prevention program.