• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.253-264
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the current status of the Korean government-funded meal support program for low-income children through convenience stores and to evaluate the nutritional quality of the meal items available under the program. The POS data of three convenient stores where children had used their electronic meal cards most often in Seoul during January 2010 and the kinds and amounts of ingredients of the meal items available to the children were obtained from the headquarter of the convenient stores. A total of 5,081 transactions by 693 children included in the POS data was analyzed. In addition, nutritional contents of meal items, which were meal boxes (11 kinds), kimbab (13 kinds), rice balls (27 kinds), inari sushi (1 kind), and sandwiches (26 kinds), were analyzed with Can Pro 3.0. The results showed that children had purchased flavored-milk products most often. Children tended to purchase meal items together with drinks (60.9% of transactions), but some purchased drinks (27.6%) or meal items only (11.5%). Except for meal boxes, none of the meal items satisfied 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The average energy contents of different kinds of meal boxes, kimbabs, rice balls, and sandwiches were 619, 357, 200, and 380 kcal, respectively, and the energy content of a package of Inari sushi was 457 kcal. Vitamin C amount was found to be deficient in all the meal items, compared to 1/3 of Recommended Intake of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The results of this study could be useful to develop nutritionally appropriate meal items for the convenient stores participating in the government-funded meal support program for children from lowincome families.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2023

This study examined the nutritional information using the nutrition labels of gimbap sold at convenience stores and evaluated nutritional adequacy compared to dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents. Thirty gimbaps (triangular gimbaps and regular gimbaps according to the main ingredients of vegetables, fish, and meat) were purchased at five convenience stores of different brands with many stores in Korea. The food and nutrition labels of the gimbaps were investigated, and nine minerals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average price of gimbap was 1,906.7 won, and average energy was 292.0 kcal, and the protein content was 15.5% of the recommended intake for Korean male adolescents aged 15~18 years. The mineral content ranged from 6.9% for zinc to 39.0% for selenium. Except for sodium and selenium, the energy, protein, and mineral content did not meet 1/3 of dietary reference intakes for adolescents. For the index of nutritional quality (INQ), calcium and zinc were the lowest in the triangular and regular gimbap, respectively. The INQ of potassium was significantly higher in triangular gimbap with vegetables. The content and INQ of selenium were in regular gimbap with fish, and the zinc INQ was in regular gimbap with meat. Overall, gimbap sold in convenience stores has a high sodium content, and the contents of energy, protein, and minerals, except selenium, are insufficient for a single meal.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.342-358
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.91-104
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine a questionnaire survey on nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors and the evaluation of nutrient intakes in regard to frequency of eating breakfast for a total 383 high school female students in Chuncheon area. The subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to frequency of breakfast : eating breakfast group (6-7 times/week, 49.1%), sometimes eating breakfast group (3-5 times/week, 22.2%), skipping breakfast group (${\leq}2$ times/week, 28.7%). The eating breakfast group and sometimes eating breakfast group have better grades on nutrition knowledge related to breakfast than the skipping breakfast group. The skipping breakfast group have a smattering of nutrition knowledge like, the importance of having breakfast, maintaining calories, and the brain's energy resource. There was a strong correlation between the frequency of breakfast and dietary behavior grades. The students who skip breakfast have irregular eating habits and their eating speed was improper. Also, their frequency of taking in cereals, proteins, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was poor. The results of the survey on nutrition intake show that while, students who eat breakfast are consuming only folate, calcium and iron at a less than recommend intake, the students who skip breakfast are consuming vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin $B_1$ as well as folate, calcium, and also iron at a less than recommended intake. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop an awareness program that emphasizes the importance of breakfast and accurate nutrition knowledge for students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.460-470
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• 1997

On an absolute straw diet, the effect of graded levels of green grass supplementation on intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern and microbial N yield has been studied in cattle. Of the two trials conducted, 16 intact growing bulls of 304 kg weight and 32 months old, randomly allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design in the 1st trial. While, in the, 2nd trial, four rumen cannulated local bulls of about 60 months old and 400 kg weight were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments in four periods. In both the trials, in addition to a mineral mixture, animals were supplemented with graded levels of naturally grown green grass of 0 kg (T1), 2 kg (T2), 4 kg (T3) or 6 kg (T4) to an ad libitum rice straw diet In the 1st trial, measurements were made on intake digestibility, growth rate, N balance and microbial N yield. While in the 2nd trial, in addition to the above parameters (except growth rate), rumen parameters were also studied. All levels of grass supplementation decreased the straw DM intake and increased the substitution rate. The rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration increased with the increase in grass level and ranges from 8-46 mg/l. The rumen pH and the rate and extent of DM degradability of straw were not affeceted by different rumen environments created by different levels of grass inclusion. At 48 h, straw DM degradability were 42, 44, 44 and 43% respectively for 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg grass supplementation daily. The whole gut digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF increased significantly (p < 0.05) only at 6 kg level daily. The microbial N yield was not affected by the levels of grass supplemented. The mean microbial N yield was 10 (SD 3.7) g/kg DOM apparently fermented in the rumen. The estimated minimum N loss and thus the maintenance requirement of tissue protein was 303 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$. All the animals lost live weight but 6 kg grass supplementation gave positive energy and N balances. Small amount of green grass supplementation is often recommended for optimization of rumen environment of a straw diet However, under the present experimental condition, no such beneficiary effect observed up to 6 kg (26% of DM intake) level of supplementation.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional menu value of self-selected diet in Korean adults residing in different regions. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the districts where they lived, which included rural district(n=137), coastal district(n=100), and urban district(n=117). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 57.5 years for rural district, 57.0 years for coastal district, and 47.9 years for urban district. The contents of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin E in self-selected diet were 76.1%, 60.1%, 73.1%, 68.6%, and 80.4% of RDAs, respectively. Index of nutritional quality(INQ) for calcium and vitamin $B_2$ was below in 1 in region groups. The contents of calcium and vitamin E in self-selected diet of rural and coastal districts were significantly lower than those of urban district. The numbers of food items in diet of rural, coastal, and urban district were 14.6, 15.3, 15.1 for breakfast, 16.5, 11.8, 17.0 for lunch, 14.9, 12.1, 15.1 for dinner, respectively. However, there was no significance in total food intake by regions. The food intakes from cereals, mushrooms, vegetables of rural district, that from fishes of coastal district, and those from sugars, milks, oils of urban district were the highest among three districts. The numbers of dish items in diet of rural, coastal, and urban district were 4.1, 4.4, 4.1 for breakfast, 4.5, 3.7, 4.4 for lunch, 4.0, 3.8, 4.2 for dinner, respectively. Especially, the number of food and dish items in lunch menu of coastal district was the lowest among region groups. According to these results, it could be suggested to add milk and its products in lunch menu of rural and coastal districts and to supplement fish and shellfish like anchovy in diet of rural and urban districts. And it is recommended to increase food and dish items in diets of three region groups.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1979

The soils and plants were sampled from 26 sites of Deogpyeongri, Goisangun, which had been found to be one of the uranium deposit areas. Uranium levels of the samples were determined and the amount of uranium intake by the residents through the food-chains was estimated. The average uranium concentration of Deogpyeongri soils was 15.5ppm with a range of from 4.9 to 43.6ppm showing rather higher values than those of control area, Yangjugun and Icheongun, Gyeonggi-do. The average uranium content of the plant samples from Deogpyeongri was 0.69ppm, about twice the uranium concentration of the control samples. The daily intake of uranium by an adult lived on the agricultural food stuffs produced in Deogpyeongri, was estimated to be about $247{\mu}g$, eqivalent to $0.83{\times}10^{-4}{\mu}Ci$, which is much higher activity compared to the daily intake of uranium by New York citizen, $1.3{\mu}g$. However the calculated uranium level accumulated in the human body of Deogpyeong area was $2.03{\times}10^{-4}{\mu}Ci$ which is still lower than $0.2{\mu}Ci$, the maximum permissible burden in total body recommended by the ICRP.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.772-782
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• 1993

This study was conducted to assess the relationships between maternal dietary intakes and milk contents of minerals and trace elements, and the correlation among levels of these milk constituents. Maternal dietary intakes were measured and milk samples were collected at 2∼5 days, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum from 29 lactating women. The results obtained are sumarized as follows: 1) The overall mean nutrient intakes of lactating women in this study were below the recommended allowances and there were extensive individual variations between subjects. 2) Concentrations of minerals and trace elements in matured human milk showed the same range reported from different countries with the exception of calcium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum which were relatively high. 3) There were no significant relationships between maternal dietary intakes of minerals and the corresponding mineral levels of human milk. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal vitamin C intake and the iron contents of milk. These were significant positive correlations between maternal calcium intake and the magnesium level of milk ; between maternal protein intake and the contents of zinc and copper in human milk. Maternal energy intake was negatively correlated with milk sodium level. 4) Pearson correlation coefficient showed positive significant relationships between levels of 17 pairs of various mineral and trace elements : sodium and potassium, iron ; potassium and calcium, phosphors, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese ; calcium and magnesium, iron manganese, molybdenm, nickel ; magnesium and iron, molybdenum ; iron and copper ; nickel and manganese.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 1999

This study was done to investigate the 12 college volleyball player's food behavior, nutrient intakes, and their serum lipid levels during the periods of training and detraining and to provide basic data for an effective program for the volleyball players during the period of detraining after the game season. The results were summarized as follows : The total daily energy intake of the players was $3,363{\pm}339kcal and 3,692{\pm}499kcal$ during the periods of the training and detraining, respectively. During the training period, daily intakes of protein, calcium and vitamin A, and $B_2$ were lower than the recommended dietary allowance for the players. During the detraining period, the players' daily intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A were even lower. However, the consumption of alcohol was dramatically increased during the period of detraining. The levels of serum triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein were significantly increased during the detraining period. Basal metabolic rates were significantly increased after the training period and diastolic pressure was decreased during the detraining period. In conclusion, out results suggest that the detraining of volleyball players for 10 days after intensive training, negatively affects their food behavior and serum lipid concentrations. Therefore, for the improvement of performance for the next game season, a planned program for the players' detraining period should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.449-455
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate dietary status, food habits, and nutritional knowledge of university students majoring in judo (n=239) and to evaluate the effect of dietary behavior on their athletic activities. Mean daily dietary intakes (3,854.0 kcal) were similar to mean daily energy consumptions (3,975.5 kcal). Average daily intakes of most vitamins and minerals were higher than Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances except for the intake of vitamin A. Self-confidence on judo affected dietary behavior of the subjects: Subjects who had more self-confidence on judo showed more interest in good nutrition and concerned more about foods which could promote their athletic activities. Many side effects were manifested after sudden weight control for judo competition during school days. Therefore, it is suggested that good education on nutrition is necessary not only for athletic students, but also for coaches and trainers of the students. Ten weeks of education on nutrition significantly improved both food habits and nutritional knowledge of the subjects. Food habits were positively correlated with self-confidence on judo. Therefore, it is suggested that improvement of food habits through good education on nutrition would be helpful to improve athletic activities of the students.