• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.5
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• pp.65-80
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was the description of general trends in feeding, weaning and toilet training in agricultural and fishing communities in Korea, where the traditions are better preserved; thereby to present useful material for improving child rearing practices. The results of this study showed that: 1) Breast-feeding is the dominant form of nursing. The mother nurses freely whenever the baby wants to be fed. The mother caresses the baby while she nurses him. The nursing period is relatively long, up to 1 and a half years. 2) Generally, the time of weaning starts late - between 9 months and 18 months. Many mothers apply a bitter tasting solution to their nipples to aid weaning. The many things give a baby foods, the recipe for which the acquire knowledge from his family and acquaintances. 3) Toilet training generally starts after 1 full year. Potties are commonly used. The infant is reminded of its error whenever it makes a mistake and cleanliness is stressed. Urination and defecation are taught to be dirty things. In summary, discipline is not strict enforced but given naturally as the infants grow: This was interpreted in terms of the traditional way of life and geographical characteristics.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.35-39
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• 2015

The developmental responses of insects to temperature are important considerations in gaining a better understanding of their ecology and life histories. Temperature-dependent phenology models permit examination of the effects of temperature on the geographical distributions, population dynamics, and management of insects. Measurements of insect developmental and survival responses to temperature pose practical challenges that depend on the chosen modality, variability among individuals, and high mortality rates near the lower and upper threshold temperatures. Different temperature levels can significantly affect larval development of Eurema hecabe. The development of E. hecabe reared on leaves of Lespedeza cuneata was investigated at three temperature regimes (20, 25, and 30℃), a relative humidity of 60%, and a light:dark photoperiod of 14:10 h. The developmental time from larva to adult was 34.3, 20.6, and 17.9 d at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30℃, respectively. Pupal rate was 47.6%, 47.6%, and 61.9% at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30℃, respectively. The developmental threshold temperature estimated from larva to pupae was 8.1℃ with 381.7 degree-days. There is an increasing need for a standardized manual for rearing this butterfly species based on adequate knowledge of its ecology.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.170-179
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• 2006

Purpose: The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe the perception on the importance of parental role by mothers with infants, and to analyze the differences of those perception depending on the mothers' and infants' characteristics. Method: Data were collected from 240 mothers of infants visited at one public health center in Gangreung city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify the parental role. Results: The mean score for perception on the importance of parental role was 139.89, and item mean for caring performance ability domain 4.43, environmental organization for development domain 4.38, acceptance domain 4.26, responsibility domain 4.21점, knowledge for caring domain 4.19, sensitivity 4.16, provision of stimulus and involvement 4.01. There were significant differences in the perception of parental role according to spouse relationship, father's participation in child rearing, experience of parental role education, and infant's temperament. Conclusion: The experience of childhood is highly affected by the quality of the parental role. It is important to identify parents' perception of parental role. Therefore, the parental role education program are necessary.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1727-1738
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• 2021

Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya. Methods: Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis. Results: Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermore, the species is under threat from new diseases and habitat alteration triggered by climate change. Conclusion: Founded on the current state of knowledge, there is a need for institutional development, strengthening institutional linkages, and promoting regional cooperation among Mithun rearing countries for further research and development of this unique cattle.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.27-47
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of a good teacher of infants from the perspective of working mothers from double-income families in light of the direct and indirect relationships between working mothers and teachers. The subjects in this study were six working mothers from double-income families that had infants who attended N and S daycare centers in the city of Chunan. An in-depth interview was implemented individually. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the looks of a good teacher in terms of teacher-infant relationships, the working mothers perceived that a good teacher of infants should be like a mother, try to step up the growth and change of infants and play with them with pleasure. Second, concerning the looks of a good teacher of infants in terms of teacher-mother relationships, the working mothers felt that a good teacher should serve as an emotional supporter for mothers and as one who could help mothers acquire more child rearing knowledge. Third, regarding the looks of a good teacher in terms of an educator, the mothers perceived that a good teacher of infants should be steady, genuine, professional and cooperative.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

Recently, there has been the gradual growth of the public in rural amenities, hobby farming works, much more urbanities, and especially near-retires. However, in spite of popular preference to ruralities, little has been known about their demand on retired rural life. Therefore, this study examined urbanites' attitude to preparatory works for out-migration, preferred residential site condition and life styles in the countryside. For the purpose, data were collected from the survey with the sample of 62 urban trainees who were studying farming technology in department of training on agricultural technology of Korea National Agricultural College, RDA. We carried out the experience farming to candidate with using the abandoned sericultural facilities which are the silkworm rearing house and mulberry fields. The 71% of urban trainees, who answered in this survey, hoped to move into countryside after retirement and to make a monthly income of $1,000 from agriculture. The age distribution of sericulural farmers is about 79% more than that of 60 years old. In the experience farming works. The two candidates made 1,977$ with net income through 32 days worked in spring season. In autumn season, the couple candidates made 1,317$ with net income through 23 days worked. Knowledge of these results will be important to policy-makers and to understand the role that retirement in-migration play in stimulating economic growth of rural agricultural farmers.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.19-41
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between the infants' mother's parenting stresses and their environmental factors. The participants were 625 employed and 1453 non employed mothers from the Korean children panel in 2008. The collected data were analyzed by t-test and hierarchical regressions. The results are as follows. 1) The infant mothers experienced the medium level of parenting stresses. They reported the high level stresses in the parenting costs, the selecting parenting information, and the responsibility in their child's emotional stability. 2) The non employed mothers perceived more difficulties in the parenting situations than the employed mothers. The employed mothers perceived their environment and their parenting itself in positive way. They were in the good psychological conditions, having a well relationship with the husbands. They also had more knowledge in the child rearing and social supports. 3) The mother's psychological factors showed the high explanation power on their parenting stresses. 4) The father's parenting assistant affected the mother's parenting stresses only in the non employed mother.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.1696-1701
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• 2009

In this paper we analyzed the management performance as the result of the korean government's support policy for the small and medium sized business (SMB). The governmental support policy was carried out for the companies classified in 3 criterion. The first is the upbringing of dynamic SMB group, which are driven by creativity and innovation. The second is the enforcement of technology-innovation and cooperation for SMB. The last is the establishment of the growth basis for SMB like funds, human resources and distribution channels. After categorization of above 3 classes, the affect of support policy on the management performance is analyzed, in terms of 3 aspects, management performance, technical performance and policy satisfaction. This study shows that the governmental support policy has the remarkable effects on the financial support sector of SMB. The 5 major sectors, 1) the upbinging of venture-innobiz innovation company, 2) rearing funds of knowledge-based service company, 3) R&D support, 4) support of management stability fund, 5) expansion of distribution channel to the public sector, are designed from 24 variables. The 3 sectors of these 5 are have the main influences from governmental support policy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2020

Pakistan is at intersection of hyperendemic regions for hydatidosis. Current study aimed to determine the prevalence of hydatid cysts and cyst characteristics in different intermediate hosts (sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes) across the 4 provinces of Pakistan. A total of 991 sheep, 1,478 goats, 1,602 cattle and 1,343 buffaloes were examined for presence of hydatid cysts during 2 years (January 2016-December 2018). Differences in frequency of hydatidosis were observed with highest overall prevalence in buffaloes (11.9%) and sheep (11.5%). Highest prevalence and burden of infection were observed in older age animals (23.8%, 9.78±0.49) and females (26.5%, 12.53±0.67). Data for seasonal prevalence alluded to year-round presence of disease with non-significant statistical difference. Organ predilection indicated liver as the most preferred site of cyst localization followed mainly by lungs. An over-dispersion pattern was observed in all infected animals as majority of cysts belonged <10 cysts per infected host category. Highest percentage of fertile cysts was observed in liver of sheep. Interestingly, solitary form of cysts had higher fertility rate than multiple form. Amid lack of data and wide gap of knowledge, this study would try to fill up the lacunae regarding this neglected tropical disease. Extensive rearing of livestock, unregulated official slaughter and home slaughtering have played role in adaptability of E. granulosus in Pakistan.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2012

The sharp decline of fertility in industrialized countries since the 19th century constitutes a major problem for evolutionary approaches to human behavior. Why would people voluntarily reduce their total number of offspring, despite the fact that resources are so abundant in modern times? Here I review three evolutionary hypotheses for low fertility in modern societies, and discuss how the evolutionary perspective could shed new light on solving the problem of low fertility in Korea. Low fertility may be 1) a maladaptive outcome from the mismatch between our ancestral environments and evolutionarily novel environments, 2) a consequence of gene-culture coevolution where traits that reduce genetic fitness can still spread through a population as a result of imitation, especially if the traits are expressed by high-status people, or 3) an adaptation that maximize parents' long-term genetic fitness in knowledge-based industrialized societies where high parental investment is required for rearing competitive offspring. Based on these considerations, I suggest how the evolutionary explanations of low fertility can be applied to increasing the birth rate in Korea.