• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.259-267
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• 2021

Recently, the market for personal health care and medical devices based on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) has grown rapidly. BLE is being used in various medical data communication devices based on low power consumption and universal compatibility. However, since data errors occurring in the transmission of medical data can lead to medical accidents, it is necessary to analyze the causes of errors and study methods to reduce data error. In this paper, the minimum communication speed to be used in medical devices was set to at least 800 byte/sec based on the wireless electrocardiography regulations of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. And the data loss rate was tested when data was transmitted at a speed higher than 800 byte/sec. The factors that cause communication data error were classified, and the relationship between each factor and the data error rate was analyzed through experiments. When there were two or more activated peripherals connected to the central, data error occurred due to channel hopping and bottleneck, and the data error rate increased in proportion to the communication distance and the number of activated peripherals. Through this experiment, when the BLE is used in a medical device that intermittently transmits biosignal data, the risk of a medical accident is predicted to be low if the number of peripherals is 3 or less. But, it was determined that BLE would not be suitable for the development of a biosignal measuring device that must be continuously transmitted in real time, such as an electrocardiogram.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.453-453
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• 2021

도시지역 비점오염원관리, 물순환 회복, 침투 및 증발산량 증가, 열섬현상 저감을 위한 주요한 방안으로 저영향개발(low impact development, LID)과 그린인프라 기법의 적용되고 있다. LID 시설은 소규모 분산형 시설로써 넓은 지역에 많고 다양한 시설들이 적용되어 시설의 개수가 많으며, 수질 및 토양 내 기성제품에 대한 센서들의 가격은 고가로 형성되어 있어 기기의 경제성 및 유지관리 등 적용하는데 제한적이다. 따라서 과거 모니터링 자료를 기반으로 오염물질들과의 상관성 분석을 통하여 계측이 어려운 항목들을 계측가능한 항목들로부터 예측 가능하며, 선정된 항목들에 대한 비용효율적인 센서를 개발하여 실시간 LID 모니터링이 가능한 비용효율적 모니터링을 개발하였다. 공주대학교 천안캠퍼스의 LID 시설들은 2013년에 조성되어 현재까지 시설이 운영되고 있으며, 5년이상의 과거 강우시 모니터링 자료들을 이용하여 오염물질 상관성 분석을 수행가능 하기에 대상지로 선정하였다. 오염물질 상관성 분석은 2013년부터 2017년도에 침투도랑에서 수행된 강우시 모니터링 자료를 활용하여 각 오염물질들의 상관성을 분석을 수행하였다. 침투도랑 내 유입되는 평균 유입수는 TSS 286.1±318.3 mg/L, BOD 22.6±39.5 mg/L, TN 8.96±5.85 mg/L, TP 1.01±1.11 mg/L로 나타났다. 겨울철에 비해 여름철에서의 오염물질의 유입농도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 여름철 고온건조로 인한 노면 내 차량의 주행으로 인한 중금속, 폐타이어 등과 장마철 강우 시 유출된 토사로 인하여 유입수의 농도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 오염물질 부하량은 TSS와 COD 0.66으로 유의성이 높은 것으로 나왔으며, COD와 TSS, TP, TN 등 유의성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. Arduino와 Raspberry PI를 활용하여 저비용 센서와 LTE 모뎀통신과 데이터 베이스 연결하여 개발된 프로그램을 통해서 무선으로 LID 시설에 대한 모니터링을 침투화분2와 식생체류지에 조성하였다. 전력공급이 어려운 식생체류지의 경우 태양열(Solar system) 시스템과 보조 전력 배터리를 조성하여 장마철이나 장기적인 악천후로 인한 전력을 생산하지 못할 경우 보조전력배터리에서 전력을 제공하여 지속적인 모니터링이 이루어지도록 설계하였다. 토양함수량, 토양온도와 Conductivity 등 3종류의 센서를 적용하였으며, 프로그램은 현재 2단계를 통한 2차수정을 통하여 프로그램을 구축하였다. 오차, 오작동, 계측값에 대한 검·보정 작업이 필요하다. 또한 대기자료의 구축을 통해 보다 토양과 LID 시설에 대한 영향분석이 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2023

In recent years, ransomware attacks have become more organized and specialized, with the sophistication of attacks targeting specific individuals or organizations using tactics such as social engineering, spear phishing, and even machine learning, some operating as business models. In order to effectively respond to this, various researches and solutions are being developed and operated to detect and prevent attacks before they cause serious damage. In particular, honeypots can be used to minimize the risk of attack on IT systems and networks, as well as act as an early warning and advanced security monitoring tool, but in cases where ransomware does not have priority access to the decoy file, or bypasses it completely. has a disadvantage that effective ransomware response is limited. In this paper, this honeypot is optimized for the user environment to create a reliable real-time dynamic honeypot file, minimizing the possibility of an attacker bypassing the honeypot, and increasing the detection rate by preventing the attacker from recognizing that it is a honeypot file. To this end, four models, including a basic data collection model for dynamic honeypot generation, were designed (basic data collection model / user-defined model / sample statistical model / experience accumulation model), and their validity was verified.

• Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2016

Objectives : This article aims to describe the development of smartphone application for the case management of patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Gwangju Bukgu-Community Mental Health Center developed and launched a smartphone application (HYM) for cognitive-behavioral case management and symptom monitoring. The development of the application involved psychiatrists, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and software technicians from a software development company (Goosl Corp.). Results : The HYM application for clients includes six main modules including Thought record, Symptom record, Daily life record, Official notices, Communication, and Scales. The key module is the 'Thought Record' for self-directed cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT). When the client writes and sends the self-CBT sheet to the case manager, the latter receives a notification and can provide feedback in real time. 'Communication' and 'Official notices' are useful for promoting communication between case managers and clients with schizophrenia. Ratings in 'Symptom record', 'Daily life record', and 'Scales' modules are stored in graphic or table form representing changes in them and shared with case managers. Conclusion : The interactive function of this application is the key characteristics that distinguishes it from other mobile self-treatment tools. This smartphone application may contribute to the development of a youth- and customer-friendly case management system for individuals with early psychosis.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2024

Recent studies explore a wide array of desalination and water treatment methods, encompassing membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and electrodialysis (ED) to advanced capacitive deionization (CDI) and its membrane variant (MCDI). Comparative analyses reveal ED's cost-effectiveness in low-salinity scenarios, while hybrid systems (NF-MCDI, RO-NF-MCDI) show improved salt removal and energy efficiency. Novel ion separation methods (NF-CDI, NF-FCDI) offer enhanced efficacy and energy savings. These studies also highlight the efficiency of these methods in treating complex wastewater specific to various industries. Environmental impact assessments emphasize the need for sustainability in system selection. Additionally, the integration of microfabricated sensors into membranes allows real-time monitoring, advancing technology development. These studies underscore the variety and promise of emerging desalination and water treatment technologies. They provide valuable insights for enhancing efficiency, minimizing energy usage, tackling industry-specific issues, and innovating to surpass conventional method limitations. The future of sustainable water treatment appears bright, with continual advancements focused on improving efficiency, minimizing environmental impact, and ensuring adaptability across diverse applications.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.69-76
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• 2013

The incidence of globally infectious and pathogenic diseases such as H1N1 (swine flu) and Avian Influenza (AI) has recently increased. An infectious disease is a pathogen-caused disease, which can be passed from the infected person to the susceptible host. Pathogens of infectious diseases, which are bacillus, spirochaeta, rickettsia, virus, fungus, and parasite, etc., cause various symptoms such as respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, liver disease, and acute febrile illness. They can be spread through various means such as food, water, insect, breathing and contact with other persons. Recently, most countries around the world use a mathematical model to predict and prepare for the spread of infectious diseases. In a modern society, however, infectious diseases are spread in a fast and complicated manner because of rapid development of transportation (both ground and underground). Therefore, we do not have enough time to predict the fast spreading and complicated infectious diseases. Therefore, new system, which can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by predicting its pathway, needs to be developed. In this study, to solve this kind of problem, an integrated monitoring system, which can track and predict the pathway of infectious diseases for its realtime monitoring and control, is developed. This system is implemented based on the conventional mathematical model called by 'Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) Model.' The proposed model has characteristics that both inter- and intra-city modes of transportation to express interpersonal contact (i.e., migration flow) are considered. They include the means of transportation such as bus, train, car and airplane. Also, modified real data according to the geographical characteristics of Korea are employed to reflect realistic circumstances of possible disease spreading in Korea. We can predict where and when vaccination needs to be performed by parameters control in this model. The simulation includes several assumptions and scenarios. Using the data of Statistics Korea, five major cities, which are assumed to have the most population migration have been chosen; Seoul, Incheon (Incheon International Airport), Gangneung, Pyeongchang and Wonju. It was assumed that the cities were connected in one network, and infectious disease was spread through denoted transportation methods only. In terms of traffic volume, daily traffic volume was obtained from Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). In addition, the population of each city was acquired from Statistics Korea. Moreover, data on H1N1 (swine flu) were provided by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and air transport statistics were obtained from Aeronautical Information Portal System. As mentioned above, daily traffic volume, population statistics, H1N1 (swine flu) and air transport statistics data have been adjusted in consideration of the current conditions in Korea and several realistic assumptions and scenarios. Three scenarios (occurrence of H1N1 in Incheon International Airport, not-vaccinated in all cities and vaccinated in Seoul and Pyeongchang respectively) were simulated, and the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach its peak and proportion of Infectious (I) were compared. According to the simulation, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days when vaccination was not considered. In terms of the proportion of I, Seoul was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Seoul, the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach at its peak was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Pyeongchang, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. Based on the results above, it has been confirmed that H1N1, upon the first occurrence, is proportionally spread by the traffic volume in each city. Because the infection pathway is different by the traffic volume in each city, therefore, it is possible to come up with a preventive measurement against infectious disease by tracking and predicting its pathway through the analysis of traffic volume.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2010

Purpose: In order to evaluate the positional uncertainty of internal organs during radiation therapy for treatment of liver cancer, we measured differences in inter- and intra-fractional variation of the tumor position and tidal amplitude using 4-dimentional computed radiograph (DCT) images and gated orthogonal setup kilovolt (KV) images taken on every treatment using the on board imaging (OBI) and real time position management (RPM) system. Materials and Methods: Twenty consecutive patients who underwent 3-dimensional (3D) conformal radiation therapy for treatment of liver cancer participated in this study. All patients received a 4DCT simulation with an RT16 scanner and an RPM system. Lipiodol, which was updated near the target volume after transarterial chemoembolization or diaphragm was chosen as a surrogate for the evaluation of the position difference of internal organs. Two reference orthogonal (anterior and lateral) digital reconstructed radiograph (DRR) images were generated using CT image sets of 0% and 50% into the respiratory phases. The maximum tidal amplitude of the surrogate was measured from 3D conformal treatment planning. After setting the patient up with laser markings on the skin, orthogonal gated setup images at 50% into the respiratory phase were acquired at each treatment session with OBI and registered on reference DRR images by setting each beam center. Online inter-fractional variation was determined with the surrogate. After adjusting the patient setup error, orthogonal setup images at 0% and 50% into the respiratory phases were obtained and tidal amplitude of the surrogate was measured. Measured tidal amplitude was compared with data from 4DCT. For evaluation of intra-fractional variation, an orthogonal gated setup image at 50% into the respiratory phase was promptly acquired after treatment and compared with the same image taken just before treatment. In addition, a statistical analysis for the quantitative evaluation was performed. Results: Medians of inter-fractional variation for twenty patients were 0.00 cm (range, -0.50 to 0.90 cm), 0.00 cm (range, -2.40 to 1.60 cm), and 0.00 cm (range, -1.10 to 0.50 cm) in the X (transaxial), Y (superior-inferior), and Z (anterior-posterior) directions, respectively. Significant inter-fractional variations over 0.5 cm were observed in four patients. Min addition, the median tidal amplitude differences between 4DCTs and the gated orthogonal setup images were -0.05 cm (range, -0.83 to 0.60 cm), -0.15 cm (range, -2.58 to 1.18 cm), and -0.02 cm (range, -1.37 to 0.59 cm) in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. Large differences of over 1 cm were detected in 3 patients in the Y direction, while differences of more than 0.5 but less than 1 cm were observed in 5 patients in Y and Z directions. Median intra-fractional variation was 0.00 cm (range, -0.30 to 0.40 cm), -0.03 cm (range, -1.14 to 0.50 cm), 0.05 cm (range, -0.30 to 0.50 cm) in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. Significant intra-fractional variation of over 1 cm was observed in 2 patients in Y direction. Conclusion: Gated setup images provided a clear image quality for the detection of organ motion without a motion artifact. Significant intra- and inter-fractional variation and tidal amplitude differences between 4DCT and gated setup images were detected in some patients during the radiation treatment period, and therefore, should be considered when setting up the target margin. Monitoring of positional uncertainty and its adaptive feedback system can enhance the accuracy of treatments.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.79-86
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• 2009

In a steel structure, spray-applied fire resistive materials are crucial in preventing structural strength from being weakened in the event of a fire. The quality control of such materials, however, is difficult for manual workers, who can frequently be in short supply. These skilled workers are also very likely to be exposed to environmental hazards. Problems with construction work such as this, which are specifically the difficulty of achieving quality control and the dangerous nature of the work itself, can be solved to some degree by the introduction of automated equipment. It is, however, very difficult to automate the work process, from operation to the selection of a location for the equipment, as the environment of a construction site has not yet been structured to accommodate automation. This is a fundamental study on the possibility of the automation of spray-applied fire resistive coating work. In this study, the linkability of the cutting-edge RTLS to an automation system is reviewed, and a scenario for the automation of spray-applied fire resistive coating work and system composition is presented. The system suggested in this study is still in a conceptual stage, and as such, there are many restrictions still to be resolved. Despite this fact, automation is expected to have good effectiveness in terms of preventing fire from spreading by maintaining a certain level of strength at a high temperature when a fire occurs, as it maintains the thickness of the fire-resistive coating at a specified level, and secures the integrity of the coating with the steel structure, thereby enhancing the fire-resistive performance. It also expected that if future research is conducted in this area in relation to a cutting-edge monitoring TRS, such as the ubiquitous sensor network (USN) and/or building information model (BIM), it will contribute to raising the level of construction automation in Korea, reducing costs through the systematic and efficient management of construction resources, shortening construction periods, and implementing more precise construction

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.235-250
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• 2021

The overarching question of this study is how a typical rice cultivation system in Gimje, Korea was keeping up with the triple-win challenge of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). To answer this question, we have employed (1) quantitative data from direct measurement of energy, water, carbon and information flows in and out of a rice cultivation system and (2) appropriate metrics to assess production, efficiency, GHG fluxes, and resilience. The study site was one of the Korean Network of Flux measurement (KoFlux) sites (i.e., GRK) located at Gimje, Korea, managed by National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration. Fluxes of energy, water, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) were directly measured using eddy-covariance technique during the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2014. The production indicators include gross primary productivity (GPP), grain yield, light use efficiency (LUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon uptake efficiency (CUE). The GHG mitigation was assessed with indicators such as fluxes of carbon dioxide (F_CO2), methane (F_CH4), and nitrous oxide (F_N2O). Resilience was assessed in terms of self-organization (S), using information-theoretic approach. Overall, the results demonstrated that the rice cultivation system at GRK was climate-smart in 2011 in a relative sense but failed to maintain in the following years. Resilience was high and changed little for three year. However, the apparent competing goals or trade-offs between productivity and GHG mitigation were found within individual years as well as between the years, causing difficulties in achieving the triple-win scenario. The pursuit of CSA requires for stakeholders to prioritize their goals (i.e., governance) and to practice opportune interventions (i.e., management) based on the feedback from real-time assessment of the CSA indicators (i.e., monitoring) - i.e., a purpose-driven visioneering.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_3
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• pp.1817-1826
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• 2022

After the hydrogen fluoride leak in Gumi in 2012, the government has been systemizing the disaster management system, such as responding to and managing chemical accidents. In particular, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS) is in charge of evacuation of residents following chemical accidents based on the Framework Act on Management of Disaster and Safety. In this study, an application plan was presented to support and utilize the decision-making support for evacuation of residents after a chemical accident using the chemical accident investigation equipment of the National Disaster Management Research Institute (NDMI). In the equipment operation system for scientific information collection due to chemical accidents, the roles and purpose of use of long/short distance measurement equipment were presented according to regular and emergency situations. Using the data acquired through long/short distance measurement equipment, it can be used as basic data for resident evacuation decision-making by monitoring whether chemicals are detected in an emergency and managing data on detected substances by company in a regular situation. As a result of measuring chemical substances in order to verify on-site usability by equipment only for the regular operation system, it was confirmed that real-time detection of chemical substances is possible with long distance measuring equipment. In addition, it was confirmed that it was necessary to check the measurable distance and range of the equipment in the future. In the case of short distance measurement equipment, hydrocarbon-based substances were mainly detected, and it was confirmed that it was measured at a higher level in Ulsan-Mipo National Industrial Complex than in Onsan National Industrial Complex. It is expected that it can be used as basic data to support decision-making in the event of chemical accidents through continuous data construction in the future.