• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.393-403
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• 2020

One of the growing concerns of the wind energy production is wind ramp events. To improve the wind ramp event forecasts, the nonlinear Kalman filter bias correction method was applied to 24-h wind speed forecasts issued from the WRF model at 70-m height in Zhangbei wind farm, Hebei Province, China for a two-year period. The Kalman filter shows the remarkable ability of improving forecast skill for real-time wind speed forecasts by decreasing RMSE by 32% from 3.26 m s_-1 to 2.21 m s_-1, reducing BIAS almost to zero, and improving correlation from 0.58 to 0.82. The bias correction improves the forecast skill especially in wind speed intervals sensitive to wind power prediction. The fact shows that the Kalman filter is especially suitable for wind power prediction. Moreover, the bias correction method performs well under abrupt weather transition. As to the overall performance for improving the forecast skill of ramp events, the Kalman filter shows noticeable improvements based on POD and TSS. The bias correction increases the POD score of up-ramps from 0.27 to 0.39 and from 0.26 to 0.38 for down-ramps. After bias correction, the TSS score is significantly promoted from 0.12 to 0.26 for up-ramps and from 0.13 to 0.25 for down-ramps.

• 센서학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2010

In this paper, we proposed a new shaft distortion correction system having an adaptive PID controller using displacement sensors, which is adaptively reflecting variations of shaft strength owing to irregular heat treatment during an annealing process and sensitivity to the seasonal temperature changes. Generally, the shafts are annealed by heat treatment in order to enlarge the strength of the shaft, which causes an distortion of a shaft such as irregular bending of the shaft. In order to correct such a distortion of the shaft, a mechanical pressure is properly impacted to the distorted shaft. However, the strength of every shaft is different from each other owing to irregular annealing and seasonal temperature changes. Especially, the strength of a thin shaft such as a car transmission shaft is much more sensitive than that of a thick shaft. Therefore, it is very important for considering the strength of each shaft during correction of the car transmission shaft distortion in order to generate proper mechanical pressure. The conventional PID controller for the shaft distortion correction system does not consider each different strength of each shaft, which causes low productivity. Therefore, we proposed a new PID controller considering variations of shaft strength caused by seasonal temperature changes as well as irregular heat treatment and different cooling time. Three displacement sensors are used to measure a degree of distortion of the shaft at three different location. The proposed PID controller generates adaptively different coefficients according to different strength of each shaft using appropriately obtained pressure times from long-term experiments. Consequently, the proposed shaft distortion correction system increases the productivity about 30 % more than the conventional correction system in the real factory.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.449-460
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• 2015

현재 교통수요모형 기반의 자동차 배출량 추정 모형에서 교통 활동도 자료는 세부적으로 고려되는 반면, 배출계수는 평균적인 값만 반영되고 있기 때문에 배출량 산정 결과의 정확도를 저하시키는 문제가 있다. 본 연구는 도로유형 및 주행시간대와 무관하게 동일한 배출계수가 적용되는 부분을 개선하기 위해, 도로유형과 주행시간대별 연료소모량 차이에 대한 실증적 분석을 기반으로 각 유형별 배출계수의 보정 지표 제시를 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해, '이동식 차량활동도 모니터링 장비(Portable Activity Monitoring System: PAMS)'를 이용해 도로유형 주행시간대별 실 주행 자료를 수집하였고, 각 유형별 연료소모량을 추정하여 이를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 평균 주행속도가 22.5km/h 일 경우, 도로 유형별 주행차량의 가감속도 변화 등의 차이에 따라 국도에서의 연료소모량(95g/km)은 자동차 전용도로에서(81g/km)보다 약 17.3% 높은 것으로 분석되었고, 첨두시간대의 평균 연료소모량(86.73g/km)은 비첨두시간대(82.84g/km)보다 약 4.7% 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 각 유형별 연료소모량의 차이는 공변량 분석 (ANOCOVA)과 다변량 분산분석 (MANOVA)으로 검증하였으며, 그 결과 "주행속도가 동일할지라도, 도로유형과 주행시간대에 따라 연료소모량의 차이가 있다"는 본 연구가설은 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 연료소모량의 차이를 활용하여 각 유형별 배출계수 보정 지표들을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 기존 차량 중심의 배출계수 연구에서 벗어나, 도로 교통 조건에 따른 배출계수 특성을 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 본 연구결과를 활용하여 교통부문의 배출량 추정결과에 대한 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2013

설계를 위한 교량의 해석모델은 구조물의 안전성을 확보하기 위해 자중 및 외부하중은 되도록 크게, 구조물의 강성은 되도록 작게 평가하는 것이 일반적이다. 때문에 설계모델을 이용한 버페팅 응답은 실제 공용교량의 버페팅 응답과 차이를 나타낸다. 공용교량의 버페팅 응답을 정확하게 예측하기 위해서는 공용교량의 동적특성을 계측하여 해석모델이 계측값을 반영하도록 수정하여야 한다. 일반적으로, 실제교량과 동일한 고유진동수를 갖는 MBM(Measurement -based Model)을 구축하기 위해 설계모델의 다양한 물성치를 파라미터로 조정하며 계측된 고유진동수와 일치시키는 MTM(Manual Tuning Method)이 사용되고 있다. MTM은 파라미터의 초기치 설정에 따른 임의성이 높고 여러 수렴점을 가질 수 있어 분석에 상당한 노력이 소요된다. 본 연구는 버페팅해석에 널리 적용되고 있는 단일모드 주파수영역 해석법이 구조물의 모드형상, 고유진동수 및 감쇠비의 동적특성만을 이용하는 점에 착안하여 MTM과정 없이 설계모델의 버페팅 응답을 공용교량의 버페팅 응답으로 보정하는 BRCM(Buffeting Response Correction Method)을 제안하였다. BRCM은 설계모델의 모드형상 별 버페팅 응답을 공용교량의 고유진동수만으로 보정하는 방법이다. 공용교량의 고유진동수는 상시진동에 의한 계측 가속도로부터 산정하였다. BRCM의 적용성을 단순보 모델의 시간이력 버페팅해석을 수행하여 수치적으로 평가하였으며 공용교량모델을 이용한 버페팅해석결과, BRCM과 MTM의 응답 차이는 3% 이하로 나타났다. 공용교량의 실시간 계측시스템에 BRCM을 도입할 경우 사장교의 유지관리 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 지적과 국토정보
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.107-123
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• 2020

최근, Multi-GNSS 위성시스템 인프라 환경의 안정화와 이종 위성 조합 활용에 대한 효용성이 입증되면서 측위, 항법 및 시간 정보 관련 응용 등 다양한 산업 분야에서 실시간 Multi-GNSS 조합 활용의 분위기가 높아지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 가장 수요층이 많은 저가형 1주파 GNSS 위성 수신기 사용자를 대상으로 정적 및 동적 환경에서 4가지 Multi-GNSS 측량기법에 RTCM-SSR 보정류(streams)를 적용, Multi- GNSS 위성의 1주파 실시간 단독측위(SF-RT-PP)의 효용성을 평가하고 대응 과제를 도출하는 것이다. SSR 보정류를 4가지 Multi-GNSS 측위 기법에 연계하여 정적 및 동적 시험장에 적용한 결과, CNES의 SSRa00CNE0 서비스가 2차원 좌표성분에서 다른 SSR 보정류에 비해 양호한 결과를 제시하였다. Multi-GNSS 위성의 Carrier를 활용한 SF-RT-PP 측위 결과, 공통적으로 고도성분에서 큰 편차가 발생되었는데 이에 대한 원인 규명 및 SF-RT-PPP 측위에서 비차감 비조합 전리층 지연보정과 이종 위성조합에 따른 신호 Bias 보정의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, Multi-GNSS 위성의 인프라 환경 향상으로 4종의 GNSS 위성 중, 1종 위성만으로도 SF-SPP 측위가 가능함을 확인하였다. 특히, GPS 위성의 1주파 신호만을 활용한 RT-SPP 측위에서 Code 기반 SF-RT-SPP 측위의 경우, 위성궤도/시계 보정관련 보통력과 SSR 보정 간 효과는 미소한 반면, 전리층 보정의 경우는 Klobuchar 모델에 비해 SBAS 보정 정보를 활용한 경우가 높이에서 약 2배 이상의 정확도 향상 효과를 공통적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 향후, 2020년말 Galileo 및 BDS 위성 인프라가 완성되면서 Multi-GNSS 위성의 지역 특성이 반영된 실시간 전리층지연 및 기상특성을 반영한 SSR 조정 서비스가 진행될 경우, SF-RT-PPP 활용성 및 여러 산업부문의 다양한 수요 창출이 기대된다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.731-740
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• 2021

This research aims to investigate the determinants of real effective exchange rate in emerging ASEAN countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The research was conducted by using quarterly time series data set from 1980Q1 to 2020Q3. Cointegration and the error correction model (ECM) methods were applied to test the long run and short run relationship of the real effective exchange rate and its determinants. The results indicate that the ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP and the government spending have significantly positive impact on real effective exchange rate in the Emerging ASEAN countries. The trade opening had influencing real effective exchange rate in most the Emerging ASEAN countries, except Vietnam. In addition, the international reserve (INR) had significant long-run impacts variables on real effective exchange rate in Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. In the short run equilibrium, the error collection term suggest that Indonesia and Malaysia are the fastest speed adjustment to equilibrium. In addition, the term of trade influence the real effective exchange rate in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines but it is not in Thailand and Vietnam. However, FDI is a major factor of the real effective exchange rate in Vietnam, but not for other countries.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제38권
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• pp.13.1-13.12
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• 2016

Background: Mandibular motion tracking system (ManMoS) has been developed for orthognathic surgery. This article aimed to introduce the ManMoS and to examine the accuracy of this system. Methods: Skeletal and dental models are reconstructed in a virtual space from the DICOM data of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) recording and the STL data of 3D scanning, respectively. The ManMoS uniquely integrates the virtual dento-skeletal model with the real motion of the dental cast mounted on the simulator, using the reference splint. Positional change of the dental cast is tracked by using the 3D motion tracking equipment and reflects on the jaw position of the virtual model in real time, generating the mixed-reality surgical simulation. ManMoS was applied for two clinical cases having a facial asymmetry. In order to assess the accuracy of the ManMoS, the positional change of the lower dental arch was compared between the virtual and real models. Results: With the measurement data of the real lower dental cast as a reference, measurement error for the whole simulation system was less than 0.32 mm. In ManMoS, the skeletal and dental asymmetries were adequately diagnosed in three dimensions. Jaw repositioning was simulated with priority given to the skeletal correction rather than the occlusal correction. In two cases, facial asymmetry was successfully improved while a normal occlusal relationship was reconstructed. Positional change measured in the virtual model did not differ significantly from that in the real model. Conclusions: It was suggested that the accuracy of the ManMoS was good enough for a clinical use. This surgical simulation system appears to meet clinical demands well and is an important facilitator of communication between orthodontists and surgeons.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2017

In this study, we propose a real time inertial navigation system/global positioning system (INS/GPS) integrated smoothing algorithm based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a position damping loop (PDL) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Integrated navigation algorithms usually induce discontinuities due to error correction update by the Kalman filter, which are as detrimental to the performance of SAR as the relative position error. The proposed smoothing algorithm suppresses these discontinuities and also reduces the relative position error in real time. An EKF estimates the navigation errors and sensor biases, and all the errors except for the position error are corrected directly and instantly. A PDL activated during SAR operation period imposes damping effects on the position error estimates, where the estimated position error is corrected smoothly and gradually, which contributes to the real time smoothing and small relative position errors. The residual errors are re-estimated by the EKF to maintain the estimation performance and the stability of the overall loop. The performance improvements were confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results showed that the discontinuities were reduced by 99.8% and the relative position error by 48% compared with a conventional EKF without a smoothing loop, thereby satisfying the basic performance requirements for SAR operation. The proposed algorithm may be applicable to low cost SAR systems which use a conventional INS/GPS without changing their hardware configurations.

• 천문학논총
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Real-time data reduction pipeline for the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) was developed by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI). The main goal of the data reduction pipeline is to find variable objects and to record their light variation from the large amount of observation data of about 200 GB per night per site. To achieve the goal we adopt three strategic implementations: precision pointing of telescope using the cross correlation correction for target fields, realtime data transferring using kernel-level file handling and high speed network, and segment data processing architecture using the Sun-Grid engine. We tested performance of the pipeline using simulated data which represent the similar circumstance to CTIO (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory), and we have found that it takes about eight hours for whole processing of one-night data. Therefore we conclude that the pipeline works without problem in real-time if the network speed is high enough, e.g., as high as in CTIO.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2024

In this paper, a test bed for real-time network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) research was constructed using reference stations of the NGII. A group of candidate station networks was derived, including three stations in Seoul. The group consisted of four stations with a distance of less than 100 km between them. Among several candidates, a network composed of stations with short distances between them and demonstrating good data quality for all reference stations was selected as the test bed. After collecting real-time data in Radio Technical Committee for Maritime services (RTCM) format from the selected stations and conducting a noise analysis on measurements, mm-level carrier phase measurement noise was confirmed. Afterwards, the user set the reference station inside the test bed and analyzed the network RTK positioning performance of the MAC method using the GPS L1 frequency as post-processing. From the result of the analysis it was confirmed that the residual error for all users was within 10 cm after applying the correction. Additionally, after determining integer ambiguities through Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA), it was confirmed that the fix rate was 100%, and all ambiguities were resolved as true values.