• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2013

Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of liver cells caused by viruses, and still one of the major health-care problems worldwide. A number of viruses to cause hepatitis are type A, B, C, D, E or G. Among these viruses leading to hepatitis, B and C are more troublesome being more prone to chronic illness which can cause the potentially fatal conditions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or liver failure. If immediate treatment is not initiated, liver transplant is the only option left. Over the past few decades there has been remarkable progress in diagnose and monitor all hepatitis virus infections for treatment and prevention. Nonetheless, important challenges remain to develop more effective and safe vaccines for prevention as well as antiviral agents to reduce viremia/viral load by inhibiting viral replication. The development and evaluation of antiviral agents through carefully designed clinical trials over the last 25 years has heralded a new dawn in the treatment of patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B and C viruses, but not so for the D virus. The introduction of Direct Acting Antivirals (DDAs) for the treatment of HBV carriers has permitted the long term use of these compounds for the continuous suppression of viral replication. This review aims to summarize the current status and development approaches of antiviral drugs for the treatment of viral hepatitis and future perspectives.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2013

Methane burns more clearly than any other fossil fuels. Coalbed methane(CBM) is natural gas contained in coal beds. This gas is usually producted from coal that is either too deep or too poor-quality to be mined commercially. While global coalbed methane resource estimates are rough, they indicate between 84 and 377tcm, which compares with proven natural gas reserves of 180tcm. Coalbed methane resources are currently only produced on a major scale in the United States, Canada, Australia and China. In this study, we analysed total 109 published papers for the CBM during the 1990~2012 periods by the programs of 'web of science'. The results of analysis, the CBM study led by the United States, the follow India and Australia. In subject area(web of sciences), Energy Fuels is 57, Engineering 58 and Geology 41 papers, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2011

The $Tio_2$ films were prepared on glass, silicon and quartz substrate at different temperature by radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering under different flow ratios of Ar and O2 gases. The films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Only the anatase phase was observed in films and their diffaction peaks increased with temprature of substrate. The size of crystallites decreased with higher concentration of oxygen. Refractive index and optical absorption of thin films decreased with higher concentration of oxygen. The thin films which have good transmittance spectra and smooth surface, deposited in the sputtering ambient with 10 % of $O_2$ at the temperature from $400{\circ}C$ to $300{\circ}C$.

• Composites Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.123-129
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• 2014

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) consist of such reinforcements as carbides, nitrides, borides and oxides, which have high melting points, low density, high modulus and high strength, for the purpose of increasing toughness. These materials are used for heat shielding systems for aerospace vehicles, high-temperature gas turbine combustion chambers, turbine blades, stator vane parts, etc. Oxide CMCs are used for the components of burner and flame holder and the high-temperature gas duct. CMCs are also applied to brake disks, which are subjected to severe thermal shock, and slide bearing parts under heavy loads. The research and development of the CMC are progressed for the strategic purpose in defense and energy industry; for instance, for aerospace applications in the U.S., and for hyper-speed aircraft, gas turbines, and atomic fissions in U.S., Japan, and Europe.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2017

Functional foods are of great significance since our society is accelerating into aging. An aging society has many physiological metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, dementia and geriatric diseases. Fundamental treatments for the elderly are almost impossible and the social burden is heavy. If these diseases can be prevented or alleviated by improving dietary habits using functional foods, the significance would be very large. Pomegranate has been found to have 124 different kinds of phytochemicals. Polyphenols have a wide range of protective effects including various physiological metabolic diseases and cancers. It is necessary to develop functional foods such as preservatives and food extenders which can contribute to food safety, required in the food industry, by using such bioactive substances. Pomegranates have been reported to decrease the impact of many serious illnesses. There is a considerable amount of bioactive substances in the peel of a pomegranate, which has potent anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties. Unfortunately, the peel is typically discarded after processing. Despite knowledge regarding the bioactive substances in the pomegranate peel and peel extracts, including their functionality and diversity, the knowledge is not well known by consumers in general. The aim of this study was to review up to date research trends for processing and developing new functional foods by utilizing nutritional functional substances, favourite food materials, and materials for processing food contained in pomegranate peels and pomegranate peel extracts. This study will summarize the data found in pomegranate peel and pomegranate peel extract literature mainly recently published in Science Direct. There are polyphenolic compounds (ellagitannins, punicalagin, proanthocyanidin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc.) in the fruit peel, making up about 50% of the pomegranate's weight. The polyphenol content of a pomegranate fruit peel is 149.91 mg/g, which is about 100 times higher than the juice. Paying attention to the fact that the ellagitannin content (14.22 mg/g) in the fruit peel is also twice as high as that of the fruit juice and seeds, that confirms the possibility of utilizing the peel as a food ingredient capable of developing new, functional bioactive foods.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.325-338
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• 2012

Currently, there are the technologically urgent needs of fabricating the hyper coal (HC) based on the approach to extracting mainly effective organics from low rank coals (LRCs), because some industrial countries pursue global sustainability dealing with hot issues such as local energy supply security as well as global warming. In this study, as of the fabrication of clean HCs via LRCs upgrading, we comprehensively review the R&D status of two solvent extraction technologies, namely, Ohm heating (OH) and microwave irradiation (MI) extraction processes on the basis of the performance indicator such as a HC extraction yield.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.590-598
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• 2016

It comes into the spotlight as the new Blue Ocean in which the connected car industry in which the car and mobile communication technology is convergence. All sorts of infortainments services connecting with the portable electronic device(Smart phone, tablet PC, and MP3 player) and car are rapidly grown. The Connected car emphasizes the vehicle connectivity with the concept that the car has communication with the around on a real time basis and it provides the safety and expedience to the operator and using the thing of Internet (IoT) in the car and supports the application, presently, the entertainment service including the real-time Navigation, parking assistant function, not only the remote vehicle control and management service but also Email, multimedia streaming service, SNS and with the platform. Intelligent vehicle network is studied as the kind according to MANET(Mobile Ad Hoc Network) for the safety operation of the cars of the road and improving the efficiency of the driving.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Weed management under organic farming systems is very problematic since organic agriculture does not allow synthetic herbicides. Bioherbicide is needed to develop for weed management in organic agriculture systems. This review covers current status and perspectives of bioherbicide development for effective nonchemical weed management in organic farming systems. Bioherbicides are products of natural origin derived from living organisms, and more specifically bacteria, fungus and plants including natural metabolites for weed control. Bioherbicides derived from microorganisms or natural molecules are currently available on the pesticide markets. Devine, Lockdown (Collego), BioMal, Camperico, Organo-Sol and Opportune were derived from bacteria, Woad Warrior, Smolder, Mygogen, Chontrol Paste, Starritor and Phoma derived from fungus, and Katoun (pelargonic acid) and Beloukha were derived from plants. Corn gluten meal products and plant essential oils products are also available for nonselective weed control in organic agriculture. Organic weed management methods may be more feasible in small scale farming and high-value crops, and bioherbicides may be applied with other weed control practices in organic farming systems.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1777-1783
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• 2014

Four $Cd^{II}$ MOFs, $[Cd_2({\mu}-succinate)_2(H_2O)_2]{\cdot}H_2O$ (1A), $[Cd_2({\mu}-succinate)_2({\mu}-4,4^{\prime}-bpy)_2]{\cdot}H_2O$ (1B), $[\{Cd_2({\mu}-succinate)_2\}({\mu}-bpa)_2\{Cd(H_2O)_2\}(NO_3)_2]{\cdot}H_2O$ (2), and $[Cd({\mu}-succinate)({\mu}-bpp)_2]{\cdot}2H_2O$ (3), with various bipyridyl ligands (4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bpy), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpa), and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (bpp)) were prepared, and their structures were determined using X-ray crystallography. The structures and dimensionalities of $Cd^{II}$-(succinate) compounds varied depending on the auxiliary ligands. Heterogeneous catalytic activity for transesterification reactions, photoluminescence and the thermal stabilities of these compounds were also examined.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of formulations and application timings of imazosulfuron+fentrazamide in rice field. Weeding efficacy of imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC (75+300 g a.i./ha) was more than 95% except Bidens tripartita. The efficacy of this formulation was not related to its formulations but was highly related to application timing. Herbicide application before 5 days after transplanting was best timing to get a maximum weed control. Systemic application before and after transplanting was much higher than single application for weed control. Second leaf stage of Echinochloa spp. and sulfonylurea resistant Monochoria vaginalis was controled over 90% in the imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC (75+300 g a.i./ha). Based on these data, imazosulfuron+fentrazamide can be applied to provide effective weed control especially in the field infested with herbicide resistant M. vaginalis.