• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three kinds of organic acid (OA) products on the growth performance, intestinal characteristics and morphology, and cecal microflora in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal meal diet. Methods: A total of 420 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers with an average initial body weight of 49.11±1.02 g were used in this 42-day experiment. Birds were randomly allotted to one of five treatments (7 replicates with 12 birds per replicate). Treatments consisted of negative control (NC), basal diet; positive control (PC), basal diet+100 mg/kg of Aviramycin; OA1, basal diet+500 mg/kg of OA product 1; OA2, basal diet+1,000 mg/kg of OA product 2; and OA3, basal diet+1,200 mg/kg of OA product 3. Results: The results indicated that OA product addition had no effect on growth performance parameters, such as body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, from days 1 to 14, 15 to 28, and 0 to 42, or on the pH values of the intestine, intestinal weight, or intestinal weight to body weight ratio. The intestinal morphology in terms of villus height and crypt depth were affected by dietary supplementation of OA products, respectively. Furthermore, dietary addition of OAs had positive influences on the maintenance of the cecal microflora based on the results of 16S rRNA analysis. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of three kinds of OA products all benefit broilers, but the mode of action may be different. This study provides a basis for the application of OA products used in the poultry industry.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

In this study, a series of batch-scale tests were conducted to optimize the design parameters for the application of soil washing techniques to the hydrophobic organic compounds(HOCs)-contaminated soil and to find the effective methods for the recovery of surfactants from washing effluent by using solvent. Several nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene oleyl ester) and sophorolipid were applied to the artificially contaminated soil (4,000 mg n-dodecane/kg dry soil). The effects of washing time, concentration of surfactant solution, dilution ratio, and temperature on washing efficiencies were examined. Hydrophile-liphophile balance (HLB) number was proven to be one of the important parameters for soil washing. The HLB numbers of OA-5 and sophorolipid are too low to form a stable soil-water emulsion. They showed very low washing efficiencies less than 10e1o. If HLB number is in the proper range to form a stable soil-water emulsion, surfactant having higher solubility for HOCs shows higher washing efficiency. OA-14 having higher HLB number than OA-9 formed more stable soil-water emulsion. But its washing efficiency was about 20% due to a lower molar solubility ratio (MSR) than OA-9. OA-9, which forms a stable soil-water emulsion and has comparatively high sotubility for HOCs, showed about 60% washing efficiency by itself. To recover anthracene effectively from OA-9 washing effluent by using benzene as an organic solvent, desirable temperature and pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 2, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

Background : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder under immunological influence. Gamichunggumgangwha-tang (CG, Jiaweiqingjinjianghuo-tang) and Gamiyukmigiwhang-tang (YM, Jiaweiliuweidihuang-tang) are herbal tonics for asthma from traditional herbal medicine. Objective : To evaluate the effect of CG and YM on immune cell & serum OA-specific IgE in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a rat asthma model. Materials and Methods : Rats were sensitized with OA; at day I sensitized group and CG and YM groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)3 in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1 ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}10^9$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by Lp. 14 days after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2% (wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, BALF was collected from the rats. Rats were orally administered with each of CG and YM extract for 14 days since the day after local immunization. Lymphocyte, CD4＋ T cell and CD8＋ T cell counts, CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, CD4＋ T cell and CD8＋ T cell percentages in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results : CG and YM showed an alleviating effect on asthmatic responses of rats. CG decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4＋ T cells in BALF, and serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group. YM decreased lymphocytes as compared with the control group. CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in BALF from the CG and YM groups and serum OA-specific IgE level from the YM group didn't show any significant variation from the control group. Conclusion : CG alleviated asthmatic hyperreactivity of the immune system through CD4＋ T cells and serum IgE. Further the study of this immune system modulating mechanism is expected.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2001

BACKGROUND : Changiga is a hetnal medicine which has been used of the traditional therapeutic agent of asthma. So I examine the effect of Changija on immune Cell&serum OA-specific IgE in BALF in rat asthma model. MATERIAL and METHODS : Rats were sensitized with OA; at day 1 sensitized group and Changiga(CIG) groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous ingection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)3 in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}109$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days, after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerocol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA, A day after local immunization, BAL fluid was collected from the rats. A day after local immunization, rats were orally administered with Changiga extract 14 days, Lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. RESULT : Changiga showed a suppressive effect on a rat asthme model. Changiga decreased lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group, whereas Changiga decreased CD8+ T-cell in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that Changiga have a suppressive effect on rat allergic athma model. Changiga would be useful allergic asthma treatment agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.541-546
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• 2004

The antioxidative activities of capsaicin (Cap, 0.02 and 0.04%) on the lipid peroxidation of tissues in male Sprague Dawley rats fed diets with or without orotic acid (1.0%, w/w) were studied in vivo system by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations. Body weight gain, food intakes, food efficiency ratio and the relative tissues weights of brain, kidney, spleen, heart, and testis were not significantly different among dietary groups. Relative weights of liver were higher in the OA group than that in the other groups. TBARS concentrations in liver were significantly higher in the OA or 0.04% Cap groups than in the normal group, while this raise was not observed 0.02% Cap group. A significant increase in TBARS concentrations was found in the liver of the OA +0.04% Cap group compared with the OA or the 0.04% Cap groups. Nonheme iron concentrations were significantly higher in the liver of the OA, 0.04% Cap, OA+0.02% Cap, OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. TBARS concentrations in kidney were lower in the 0.02% or 0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group, but this concentrations were higher in either the OA, OA+0.02% Cap or OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. Meanwhile, TBARS concentrations of brain, spleen, heart and testis were not significantly different among groups. The present study suggested that the lipid peroxidation was increased in the rats liver fed diet with erotic acid, and the simultaneous supplementation of capsaicin further enhanced.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2016

Oleanolic acid (OA) has a wide variety of bioactivities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity and is used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. In the present study, the effect of OA on induction of autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMC7721 cells and the related mechanisms were investigated. MTT assay showed that OA significantly inhibited HepG2 and SMC7721 cells growth. OA treatment enhanced formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. At the same time, increasing punctuate distribution of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and an increasing ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I were also triggered by OA incubation. In addition, OA-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) pretreatment. And we found out that OA can suppress the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, our data suggested that OA-triggered autophagy was ROS-dependent as demonstrated by elevated cellular ROS levels by OA treatment. When ROS was cleared by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), OA-induced LC3-II convertsion and cell death were all reversed. Taken together, our results suggest that OA exerts anticancer effect via autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.198-210
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• 2002

Background : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder under immunological influence. Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang are herbal decoctions used for treating asthma in traditional herbal medicine. Objective : To evaluate the effects of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang on immune cell & serum OA-specific IgE in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rat asthma model. Material and Methods : Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA); at day 1 sensitized group and Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)$_3$ in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1 ml of 0.9% saline containing 6 x 10$^{9}$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, HAL fluid was collected from the rats. Rats were orally administered with each of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang extract for 14 days from the day after local immunization. Lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell percentages in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang showed an alleviating effect on asthmatic responses of rats. Shinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group. Gamishinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF as compared with the control group. CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF from Shinbi-tang group and serum OA-specific IgE level from Gamishinbi-tang group didn't show any significant variation from control group. CD8+ T cell in HALF, CD3+CD4+ T cell and CD3+CD8+ T cell percentages in peripheral blood showed no significant variation among groups. Conclusion : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang alleviated asthmatic hypen-eactivity of the rat immune system through CD4+ T cell and serum IgE. Further the study of immune system modulating mechanism is expected.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2002

Objectives: Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang are herbal decoctions which have been used as traditional therapeutic agents for asthma. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang on immune Cell & serum OA-specific 19B in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rat asthma model. Methods: Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA); at day I the sensitized group and Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of $Al(OH)_3$ in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}10^9$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. for 14 days. After systemic immunization, the rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2% (wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, BAL fluid was collected from the rats. A day after local immunization, rats were orally administered with each of Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang extract for 14 days. Lymphocyte, CD4+T-cell CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, and CD4+T-cell CD8+T-cell percentage in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results: Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang showed a suppressive effect on the rat asthma model. Maekmoondong-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+T-cell, CD8+T-cell in BALF, and serum OA specific 19B level as compared with the control group, whereas Maekmoondong-tang decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. 1 decreased total cell, CD4+T-cell, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, and serum OA specific IgE level, whereas Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang decreased ymphocyte, and CD8+T-cell in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. CD4+T-cell and CD8+ T-cell percentage in peripheral blood were not changed significantly in all the experimental groups. Conclusions: This study shows that Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang have a suppressive effect on asthma. Maekmooruiong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang would be useful asthma treatment agents.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2017

In the present work, the interaction of fatty acid with vesicle membrane of phospholipids was investigated using 3 different kinds of fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA). Basically, the same trend has been found in 3 fatty acid systems. The addition of fatty acid produced a close packing of liposome due to the penetration of fatty acid molecules into liposome vesicles, which resulted in a decrease in size and an increase in zeta potential of liposome. However, excessive addition of fatty acid produced a transition from liposomes to aggregates of lipid particles having polymorphic structure. The membrane fluidity, characterized by measuring membrane deformability and fluorescence anisotropy ratio of liposomes, was in good agreement with measurement results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size. The minimum size and closest packing of liposome with SA, OA and LA were found when the molar ratios of fatty acid to lecithin were 0.70, 0.50, and 0.25 respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.