• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three kinds of organic acid (OA) products on the growth performance, intestinal characteristics and morphology, and cecal microflora in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal meal diet. Methods: A total of 420 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers with an average initial body weight of 49.11±1.02 g were used in this 42-day experiment. Birds were randomly allotted to one of five treatments (7 replicates with 12 birds per replicate). Treatments consisted of negative control (NC), basal diet; positive control (PC), basal diet+100 mg/kg of Aviramycin; OA1, basal diet+500 mg/kg of OA product 1; OA2, basal diet+1,000 mg/kg of OA product 2; and OA3, basal diet+1,200 mg/kg of OA product 3. Results: The results indicated that OA product addition had no effect on growth performance parameters, such as body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, from days 1 to 14, 15 to 28, and 0 to 42, or on the pH values of the intestine, intestinal weight, or intestinal weight to body weight ratio. The intestinal morphology in terms of villus height and crypt depth were affected by dietary supplementation of OA products, respectively. Furthermore, dietary addition of OAs had positive influences on the maintenance of the cecal microflora based on the results of 16S rRNA analysis. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of three kinds of OA products all benefit broilers, but the mode of action may be different. This study provides a basis for the application of OA products used in the poultry industry.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 일련의 회분식 규모의 실험을 통해 소수성 유기오염물질로 오염된 토양에 토양세척기법을 적용함에 있어서 필요한 최적의 운전조건을 도출하고 세척후 분리된 상등액중에 포함된 유기오염물질 및 세척제를 유기용매를 이용하여 효율적으로 분리.회수하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 사용된 계면활성제는 토양과 결합될 우려가 적은 비이온계 계면활성제중 독성이 거의 없으며 국내에서 대량 생산되어 수급이 원활한 계면활성제를 선별하여 소수성 유기오염물질인 n-dodecane(4,000mg/kg dny Soil)으로 오염된 토양에 대해 세척시간, 계면활성제 용액의 농도, 진탕비, 온도 등에 따른 세척효율의 변화를 조사하였다. 실험결과 계면활성제의 HLB(hydrophile-liphophile balance)값이 MSR(molar solubility ratio) 값과 함께 토양세척시 중요한 변수로 작용하였다. HLB값이 낮아 유탁액을 형성하지 못하는 OA-5나 sophorolipid는 10% 이내의 극히 낮은 세척효율을 보였다. 그러나 안정된 유탁액을 형성하는 HLB값 범위내에서는 소수성 유기오염물질에 대한 액상실험에서의 용해도가 큰 계면활성제가 유리하였다. 높은 HLB값을 갖는 OA-14는 OA-9 보다 안정된 유탁액을 형성하지만 용해도에 대한 지표인 MSR값이 OA-9보다 작아 약 20%정도의 낮은 세척효율을 보였다. 안정된 유탁액을 형성하는 동시에 용해도가 높은 OA-9용액이 단독으로 쓰일 때는 최대 60%정도의 세척효율을 보였다. 또한 OA-9세척유출수로부터 유기용매인 벤젠을 이용하여 anthracene을 회수하고자 하는 경우, 세척유출수의 온도를 $30^{\circ}C$, pH는 2로 조절하는 것이 회수 효율 측면에서 바람직하다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

Background : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder under immunological influence. Gamichunggumgangwha-tang (CG, Jiaweiqingjinjianghuo-tang) and Gamiyukmigiwhang-tang (YM, Jiaweiliuweidihuang-tang) are herbal tonics for asthma from traditional herbal medicine. Objective : To evaluate the effect of CG and YM on immune cell & serum OA-specific IgE in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a rat asthma model. Materials and Methods : Rats were sensitized with OA; at day I sensitized group and CG and YM groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)3 in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1 ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}10^9$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by Lp. 14 days after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2% (wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, BALF was collected from the rats. Rats were orally administered with each of CG and YM extract for 14 days since the day after local immunization. Lymphocyte, CD4＋ T cell and CD8＋ T cell counts, CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, CD4＋ T cell and CD8＋ T cell percentages in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results : CG and YM showed an alleviating effect on asthmatic responses of rats. CG decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4＋ T cells in BALF, and serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group. YM decreased lymphocytes as compared with the control group. CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in BALF from the CG and YM groups and serum OA-specific IgE level from the YM group didn't show any significant variation from the control group. Conclusion : CG alleviated asthmatic hyperreactivity of the immune system through CD4＋ T cells and serum IgE. Further the study of this immune system modulating mechanism is expected.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2001

BACKGROUND : Changiga is a hetnal medicine which has been used of the traditional therapeutic agent of asthma. So I examine the effect of Changija on immune Cell&serum OA-specific IgE in BALF in rat asthma model. MATERIAL and METHODS : Rats were sensitized with OA; at day 1 sensitized group and Changiga(CIG) groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous ingection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)3 in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}109$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days, after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerocol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA, A day after local immunization, BAL fluid was collected from the rats. A day after local immunization, rats were orally administered with Changiga extract 14 days, Lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. RESULT : Changiga showed a suppressive effect on a rat asthme model. Changiga decreased lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group, whereas Changiga decreased CD8+ T-cell in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that Changiga have a suppressive effect on rat allergic athma model. Changiga would be useful allergic asthma treatment agent.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.541-546
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• 2004

Orotic acid 및 capsaicin (0.02 and 0.04%)을 단독 또는 병합 투여한 상태에서 흰쥐의 각 조직 중에 과산화지질 농도를 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) 측정법으로 검토하였다. 체중 증가량, 식이섭취량, 식이효율 및 뇌, 신장, 심장, 비장, 고환의 상대무게는 각 실험군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 간의 상대적 무게는 정상군과 비교해서 OA군에서는 유의적으로 증가하였고, 0.02% 및 0.04% Cap군에서는 차이를 보이지 않았으나 OA+0.02% Cap군 및 OA+0.04% Cap군에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 간 조직의 과산화지질 농도는 정상군에 비해 OA군에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, 이러한 증가는 0.04% capsaicin 병합투여에 의해 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 간 조직의 과산화지 질 농도는 정상군보다 0.02% Cap군에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 0.04% Cap군에서는 유의적으로 증가하여 농도별 차이를 보여주었다. 신장 조직의 과산화지질 농도는 정상군에 비해 OA군에서 증가하였고, OA를 함유한 OA+0.02% Cap군 및 OA+0.04% Cap군에서도 증가하였다. 그러나, 0.02% Cap군 및 0.04% Cap군에서는 오히려 감소하였다. 간의 비헴철 함량은 정상군에 비해 OA군과 capsaicin을 병합 투여한 OA +0.02% Cap군 및 OA+0.04% Cap군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 한편, 뇌, 심장, 비장 및 고환 조직의 과산화지질 농도는 각 실험군간에 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 OA투여 흰쥐의 간 조직에서 과산화지질 농도 증가와 동시에 비헴철 함량이 증가하였고, 이러한 증가는 0.04% capsaicin 병합투여에 의해 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2016

Oleanolic acid (OA) has a wide variety of bioactivities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity and is used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. In the present study, the effect of OA on induction of autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMC7721 cells and the related mechanisms were investigated. MTT assay showed that OA significantly inhibited HepG2 and SMC7721 cells growth. OA treatment enhanced formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. At the same time, increasing punctuate distribution of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and an increasing ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I were also triggered by OA incubation. In addition, OA-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) pretreatment. And we found out that OA can suppress the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, our data suggested that OA-triggered autophagy was ROS-dependent as demonstrated by elevated cellular ROS levels by OA treatment. When ROS was cleared by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), OA-induced LC3-II convertsion and cell death were all reversed. Taken together, our results suggest that OA exerts anticancer effect via autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.198-210
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• 2002

Background : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder under immunological influence. Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang are herbal decoctions used for treating asthma in traditional herbal medicine. Objective : To evaluate the effects of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang on immune cell & serum OA-specific IgE in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rat asthma model. Material and Methods : Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA); at day 1 sensitized group and Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)$_3$ in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1 ml of 0.9% saline containing 6 x 10$^{9}$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, HAL fluid was collected from the rats. Rats were orally administered with each of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang extract for 14 days from the day after local immunization. Lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell percentages in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang showed an alleviating effect on asthmatic responses of rats. Shinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group. Gamishinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF as compared with the control group. CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF from Shinbi-tang group and serum OA-specific IgE level from Gamishinbi-tang group didn't show any significant variation from control group. CD8+ T cell in HALF, CD3+CD4+ T cell and CD3+CD8+ T cell percentages in peripheral blood showed no significant variation among groups. Conclusion : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang alleviated asthmatic hypen-eactivity of the rat immune system through CD4+ T cell and serum IgE. Further the study of immune system modulating mechanism is expected.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2002

Objectives: Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang are herbal decoctions which have been used as traditional therapeutic agents for asthma. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang on immune Cell & serum OA-specific 19B in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rat asthma model. Methods: Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA); at day I the sensitized group and Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of $Al(OH)_3$ in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}10^9$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. for 14 days. After systemic immunization, the rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2% (wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, BAL fluid was collected from the rats. A day after local immunization, rats were orally administered with each of Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang extract for 14 days. Lymphocyte, CD4+T-cell CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, and CD4+T-cell CD8+T-cell percentage in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results: Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang showed a suppressive effect on the rat asthma model. Maekmoondong-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+T-cell, CD8+T-cell in BALF, and serum OA specific 19B level as compared with the control group, whereas Maekmoondong-tang decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. 1 decreased total cell, CD4+T-cell, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, and serum OA specific IgE level, whereas Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang decreased ymphocyte, and CD8+T-cell in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. CD4+T-cell and CD8+ T-cell percentage in peripheral blood were not changed significantly in all the experimental groups. Conclusions: This study shows that Maekmoondong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang have a suppressive effect on asthma. Maekmooruiong-tang and Jeongcheonhwadamgangki-tang would be useful asthma treatment agents.

• 공업화학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 스테아르산(SA), 올레산(OA), 리놀레산(LA) 등의 지방산이 지질 소포체 막과의 상호 작용에 미치는 영향에 관하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 지방산 종류 및 농도 변화에 따른 리포좀 평균 입자 크기 및 제타 전위, 리포좀 막의 deformability, fluorescence anisotropy ratio 등을 측정하고 TEM 관찰을 통하여 지방산 첨가가 리포좀 막의 유동성 변화에 미치는 역할에 관하여 살펴보았다. 기본적으로 SA, OA, LA 등의 지방산 첨가는 동일한 경향을 나타내었다. 즉, 지방산을 첨가함에 따라 리포좀이 보다 치밀한 패킹을 갖게 되어서 리포좀의 크기는 감소하고 제타 전위 값은 증가하였으나, 지방산의 과도한 첨가는 리포좀에서 다형(polymorphic) 구조를 가지는 지질 입자 응집체로의 전이를 일으켰다. SA, OA 및 LA 지방산 시스템에서의 최소 리포좀 크기와 가장 치밀한 리포좀 패킹은 레시틴 대비 지방산의 몰 비율이 각각 0.70, 0.50, 0.25인 조건에서 관찰되었으며, 리포좀 막의 deformability와 fluorescence anisotropy ratio 측정에 의한 리포좀 막의 유동성 측정 결과는 TEM 및 입자 크기 측정 결과와 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.