• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2004

In the standpoint of the arc pressure, the effects of the filler wire feed rate on the penetration was investigated in this study. The pure Ar gas was used as a shield gas and the parameters investigated were the welding current and the filler wire feed rate. By making the experiment on the arc pressure, we could know that the arc pressure was fluctuated as the depth-into-arc of the tungsten rod. Instead of the filler wire, the tungsten rod was supplied into the molten pool to make this experiment. Because the filler wire melted in arc and then we couldn't measure the arc pressure. So, the tungsten rod - the highest melting point - was used. According to the depth-into-arc of the tungsten rod, the arc pressure could be measured by using the manometer. It was proved that the arc pressure got higher as the wire feed rate was slow. It is reported the arc pressure is proportion to welding voltage and the square of welding current. But, in the filler wire TIG welding, we could blow that arc pressure was fluctuated as the depth-into-arc of filler wire was changed. We could measure the arc pressure by the variation of the filler wire feed rate and could verify that it affected bead shape and penetration.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1458-1465
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• 1997

This study investigated the effects of pressure on the growth of an impinging spray. We obtained the frozen images which were scattered by Nd ; YAG laser light (pulse width : 7 ns) using synchronization circuit made in the laboratory. For an impinging spray a growth of the penetration length was progressed with increase of the injection pressure but an ambient pressure restrained its growth. The effect of an ambient pressure on penetration was larger than that of an injection pressure. The pressure ratio had an effect on the penetration growth rate. The thickness growth rate depended on both the injection pressure and the ambient pressure compositively. A lower injection pressure or a higher ambient pressure was required for spatial distribution of impinging spray.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2022

The rheological and penetration characteristics of sodium alginate and xanthan gum aqueous solutions were analyzed for the development of biopolymer-based injection materials. The results of viscosity measurements for the rheological characteristics analysis show that all aqueous biopolymer solutions exhibit a tendency for shear-thinning, i.e., the apparent viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. In addition, a regression analysis using several models (Power-law, Casson, Sisko, and Cross) was applied to the shear-thinning fluid analysis results, the highest accuracy was determined by applying the power-law model. The micromodel experiment for the penetration characteristics analysis determined that all biopolymer aqueous solutions show higher pore saturation than water, and that pore saturation tends to increase as the flow rate and concentration increases. When comparing the rheological and penetration characteristics of the biopolymer aqueous solution used in this study, the xanthan gum aqueous solution showed a fully developed shear-thinning tendency, unlike the sodium alginate aqueous solution. This tendency is considered to have the advantage of enhancement injectability and pore saturation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.257-260
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• 2004

The durability and water - resisting capability of nuclear concrete structures can be greatly improved as the density of concrete surface increases. Applying the surface penetration sealer to the concrete surface can increase the surface density. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the most suitable surface penetration sealer based on lab test. The considered parameters rate and water resistance and absorbance rate of the concrete specimen after the penetration sealer are applied. The experimental study resulted in the identification of the two most suitable surface penetration sealer based on their performance.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.1 s.232
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• pp.30-37
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• 2005

There is few research about contact problem for a rigid surface with an arbitrary shape in SPH. The variational equation based on the virtual work principle is derived and its solution is obtained by the penalty method. It is proposed a new method that can determine the parameters for a penetration and a penetration rate used in the penalty method. The reproducing condition is adopted to correct the deficiency of kernel on the boundary. In order to calculate a penetration of particles, after checking boundary particles for deformable body, boundary normal vectors were determined on the rigid surface. Numerical simulations for models which have rigid surface with an arbitrary shape were conducted to validate the proposed method in 2D Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate. The results of those analysis represent that the contact algorithm proposed in this study works properly.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2017

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood Thuja orientalis L., diffuse-porous wood Gmelina arborea Roxb., and ring-porous wood Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Longitudinal flow was considered from bottom to top while the radial flow was considered from bark to pith directions. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents(MC). The variation of penetration speed for different species was observed and the reasons behind for this variation were explored. The highest radial penetration depth was found in ray parenchyma of T. orientalis but the lowest one was found in ray parenchyma of P. amurense. The average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal trachied of T. orientalis was found the highest among all the other cells. The penetration depth in fiber of G. arborea was found the lowest among the other longitudinal cells. It was found that cell dimension and also meniscus angle of safranine solution with cell walls were the prime factors for the variation of liquid flow speed in wood. Vessel was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration for hardwood species. The penetration depth in vessel of G. arborea was found highest among all vessels. Anatomical features like ray parenchyma cell length and diameter, end-wall pits number were found also responsible fluid flow differences. Initially liquid penetration speed was high and the nit gradually decreased in an uneven rate. Liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration depths in those cells were measured. It was found that even in presence of abundant rays in hardwood species, penetration depth of liquid in radial direction of softwood species was found high. Herein the ray length, lumen area, end wall pit diameter determined the radial permeability. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Following a go-stop-go cycle, the penetration speed of a liquid decreased over time.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

In this study, we conducted verification of key influencing factors during cone penetration testing using the developed Mini Cone Penetration Tester (Mini-CPT), and compared the experimental results with empirical formulas to validate the equipment. The Mini-CPT was designed to measure cone penetration resistance through a Strain Gauge, and the resistance values were calibrated using a Load Cell. Moreover, the influencing factors were verified using a model ground constituted in a soil box. The primary influencing factors examined were the boundary effect of the soil box, the distance between cone penetration points, and the cone penetration speed. For the verification of these factors, the experiment was conducted with the model ground having a relative density of 63.76% in the soil box. It was observed that the sidewall effect was considerably significant, and the cone penetration resistance measured at subsequent penetration points was higher due to the influence between penetration points. However, within the speed range considered, the effect of penetration speed was almost negligible. The measured cone penetration resistance was compared with predicted values obtained from literature research, and the results were found to be similar. It is anticipated that using the developed Mini-CPT for constructing model grounds in the laboratory will lead to more accurate geotechnical property data.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 1971

The effects of ginseng on the penetration of glucose into Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by determining the amount of glucose in the supernatant of the glucose broth medium in which some dose of water extracts of ginseng or saponin were added and the yeast was cultured for 1 hour. 1. In the 1 hour culture with 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.16%, 0.32% and 0.64% dry ginseng glucose broth medium, the penetration rate of glucose into yeast was increased 4.76%, 7.96%, 10.09%, 9.08% and 7.48% respectively. 2. In the 1 hour culture with $10^{-6}%,\;10^{-5}%,\;10^{-4}%,\;10^{-3}%,\;and\; 10^{-2}%$ of saponin glucose broth medium, the penetration rate of glucose into yeast was increased 3.05%, 6.57%, 5.595, 4.44%. and 2.87% respectively. 3. Since the highest increasing percentage of penetration of ginseng and saponin were 10.19% and 5.89% respectively, the increasing rate of the ginseng was about twice that of the saponin. Therefore it could be concluded that the saponin contained in ginseng and other unkown components of ginseng affect the cell permeability.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

This paper describes prediction results of penetration rate using case history in order to compare empirical models for penetration rate prediction of TBM. The reasonable empirical model is evaluated by comparison with prediction results and measured result. The penetration rate prediction is applied in separate empirical models considering rock characteristics and mechanical characteristics of TBM. The rock of applied filed had almost gneiss and its unconfined compressive strength was irregular due to the exist of weak zones and joint. In prediction results using unconfined compressive strength, Graham's model (1976) had impractical result when it had lower strength. NTNU model (1998) of the separate empirical models used in average penetration rate had the highest accuracy by comparison with the others, because it is a reasonable model which has rock characteristics and mechanical characteristics of TBM. However, Tarkoy's model (1986) based on unconfined compressive strength correspond with the measured values in field. Therefore, it should be considered a rock type, geological characteristic and mechanical characteristic of TBM at prediction of penetration rate.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.201-209
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• 2003

For the purpose of research study, a vertical shaft of 98m in length and 3.05m in diameter was constructed in the layer of conglomerate by using the Raise Boring Machine (RBM). In order to estimate the net penetration rate of the RBM, which can be used in the stage of design, the in-situ test results were analysed and correlated to data from the boring log in situ and laboratory testing. Its average net penetration rate is 2.233mm/rev while its average advance rate is 0.382m/hr, which is lower than that of TBM(Tunnel Boving Machine). It turns out that the net penetration rate increases with the increase of strength characteristics in rock mass (e.g., uniaxial compression strength, tensile strength, etc.). Similarly, the net penetration rate increases linearly with the hardness of rock mass. These results are contrary to the results of the previous construction sites where the TBM was generally used in the layer of hard rock. However, the trend obtained in this study is in accordance with the findings of Barton suggesting the relationship between Q$_TBM$ and penetration rate in the layer of soft rock. Thus, the trend is valid in soft and/or weathered rocks.