• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effects of silk fibroin on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into sham-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized control (OVX), alendronate (OVX+ALEN, 10 mg/kg body weight/d), low silk fibroin (OVX+SF100, 100 mg/kg body weight/d), and high silk fibroin (OVX+SF300, 300 mg/kg body weight/d) groups. All the rats were fed by gavage for 12 wk. At the end of 12 wk, blood and urine were collected for analysis of bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by micro-computed tomography. The results show that the OVX group (p < 0.05) displayed the highest mean body weight gain. Among the five groups, serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urine levels of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were highest in the OVX group (p < 0.05). Bone ALP levels in the ALEN group were significantly lower than that of the silk-treated groups. On the other hand, DPD levels were not significantly different between the ALEN and silk-fibroin-treated groups (p < 0.05). The trabecular BMD was significantly higher in the ALEN and silk-treated groups compared to the OVX group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that silk fibroin has similar effects as alendronate, which is used in osteoporosis medication. Therefore silk fibroin might be a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2001

Purpose : This study is to find out the Ginseng Radix extract on rats nephrotoxicity when the rates were induced by Cs A. Methods : The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: nothing was given to Sample A, Sample B was given normal saline after an I.V. injection of Cs A, and Sample C was given Ginseng Radix extract after a Cs A injection. The groups were observed for 14 days. After the prescription of the medicines, the following levels were tested: serum BUN, creatinine, total protein, sodium, potassium, and chloride ions. Results : 1. Changes in serum level. The levels of GPT, GOT, and BUN were significantly reduced in the experimental group when compared with those of the control group. The total protein level showed significant elevation when compared with those of the control group. The chloride level in the serum in the sample group was insignificantly reduced. The creatinine level was insignificantly increased. The Potassium level decreased, mildly. The Sodium and The Potassium levels in the serum in the sample group showed insignificantly lower levels than those of the control group. 2. Changes in the urine level. Urine specific gravity showed a significant increase, on the 14th day, in the experimental group when compared with that of the control group. The urinary ceatinine levels showed and insignificant increase, followed by an insignificant decrease. Conclusion : It can be inferred that Ginseng Radix may improve nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in rats when induced by Cyclosporin A.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of N-(-4-Chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-chromanecarboxamide (KAL-1120), a novel anti-inflammation agent, in the rat plasma. The method was applied to analyze the compound in the biological fluids such as bile, urine and tissue homogenates. After liquid-liquid extraction, the compound was analyzed on an HPLC system with ultraviolet detection at 275 nm. HPLC was carried out using reversed-phase isocratic elution with a $C_{18}$ column, a mobile phase of a mixture of acetonitril (40 v/v%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The chromatograms showed good resolution and sensitivity and no interference of plasma. The calibration curve for the drug in plasma was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-50 ${\mu}g$/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay accuracies of this method ranged from 0.06% to 9.33% of normal values and the precision did not exceed 6.28% of relative standard deviation. The plasma concentration of KAL-1120 decreased to below the quantifiable limit at 1.5 hr after the i.v. bolus administration of 2-10 mg/kg to rats ($t_{1/2,({\alpha})}$ and $t_{1/2,({\beta})$ of 2.15 and 26.7 min at a dose of 2 mg/kg, 3.91 and 33.0 min at a dose of 10 mg/kg, respectively). The steady-state volume of distribution ($V_{dss}$) and the total body clearance ($CL_t$) were not significantly altered in rats given doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg. Of the various tissues tested, KAL-1120 was mainly distributed in the lung and heart after i.v. bolus administration. KAL-1120 was detected in the bile by 30 min after its i.v. bolus administration. However, the concentration in the urine after i.v. bolus administration became too low to measure, suggesting that KAL-1120 is mostly excreted in the bile. In conclusion, this analytical method was suitable for the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of KAL-1120 in rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.8-17
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• 1976

This study was carried out to estimate the minimum protein requirement for the Korean college girls, and to see the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement in the rat. In the first experiment, three students attending Ewha Womans University were given protein free diet for 7 days while caloric intake were adjusted to maintain constant body weight. Endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to estimate their minimum protein requirement. Second experiment was carried out in 3 parts to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement using 15 female, 50 days old rats weighing 120g. Inexperiment 2-1, the rats were fed protein free diet for 9 days and endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to determine the minimum protein requirement of the rats. In experiment 2-2, the minimum casein requirement of the rats needed to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was estimated by the least squares regression method feeding 3 different levels of casein determined from the result of experiment 2-1. Finally, in experiment 2-3, the rats were given the minimum casein requirement for 7 days with 3 different levels of carbohydrate to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the nitrogen balance. The results of this study were as follows. Experiment I. Daily endogenous nitrogen losses of 3 college girls were 1.89g in urine, 1.10g in feces and 0.0108g from skin since the total daily endogenous nitrogen loss was 3.0g and the total daily nitrogen intake was 0.52g, the minimum nitrogen requirement of these subjects was about 2.48g/day (15.5g protein/day). Experiment II. Experiment 2-1: daily endogenous nitrogen losses of the rats fed protein free diet were $22.63{\pm}0.48\;mg$ through urine and $13.12{\pm}0.47\;mg$ in feces. The total daily endogenous nitrogen ouput was $35.71{\pm}1.27\;mg$ and the minimum protein requirement of the rats was 225mg/day in this study. Experiment 2-2: the minimum casein requirement needed to maintain the rats in nitrogen equilibrium was determined to be 340mg/day. Experiment 2-3: the rats were given 350mg/day casein with 3 different levels of carbohydrate (12,26 or 46 Cal by sugar-cornstarch mixture). The nitrogen balances were measured to be +0.0021, +0.0073 and +0.0143 respectively and there were significant differences among 3 groups.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2003

Oxidative stress and its consequent lipid peroxidation exert harmful effects, which have been currently involved in the generation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced fibrosis(cirrhosis). In this study, it was investigated whether dried extract of 田螺(Concha Cipangopaludinae; CC) has liver functional improvement, antioxidative and antifibrotic effect in rats those were induced liver fibrosis by CCl₄ administration. The female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups(Normal, AC, AC-CC) and were observed in 6 weeks. Except for normal group, liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) in rats were developed by CCl₄ administration(0.8 ㎖/rat/week). And the rats were treated with prepared CC(p. o. 2 ㎖/day/rat). At the time of sacrifice, the liver, kidney and spleen were weighed and the ratio of organ weight/body weight was calculated. The MDA, hyp and biochemical parameters(AST, ALT, ALP, t-bili) were measured in sera and liver tissue of rats. The strong yellow color of urine was observed in all CCl₄-treated group compared with normal group, but jaundice didn't appear in CCl₄-treated group. The mortality of CCl₄-treated group is very low(<13%) during 6 weeks of observation time. The ratio of liver/body as well as the weight of liver in CCl₄-treated rats significantly increased compared with that in normal group(p<0.001). The level of clinical parameters in sera of all liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) developed rats were significantly higher than that of normal group(p<0.001-0.05). Especially the value of BUN, ALP, t-bilirubin in AC-CC group showed 20.9%, 19.6%, 47.9% lower than that in AC group. The content of hyp in CCl₄-treated rats was significantly higher than normal group(p<0.001～<0.05), and showed 12.2% lower value in the AC-CC group than AC group(p<0.05). The production of lipid peroxidation(MDA) in sera and liver tissue significantly increased under the fibrotic(cirrhotic) condition(p<0.001～<0.05). Especially the MDA value of AC-CC group in sera significantly 46.5% decreased compared with that of AC group(p<0.05), and the MDA value of AC-CC in liver tissue showed 21.4% lower than that of AC group. Concha Cipangopaludinae can be improved hepatic function, and maybe have effect of liver protection, antioxidation and antifibrosis.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1784-1794
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• 2004

To study the effects between Cd inhalation toxicity and methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, 4 rat groups were exposed to Cd aerosol by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cd concentration in air was 0.98㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter(MMD) was 1.78㎛. 3 different dose intraperitoneal injections of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae to 3 inhalation exposure groups applied for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest lung weight was from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ and the highest liver and kidney weight were from inhalation exposure group Ⅱ(p<0.05). The lowest Cd content in lung was 22.77㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest Cd concentration in blood was 11.71㎍/㎗ from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ(p<0.05). Cd concentrations of 14.87㎍/g in liver and 17.91㎍/g in kidney were the highest from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ(p<0.05). The lowest Cd concentration in liver and kidney were 5.71㎍/g and 3.17㎍/g from the control(p<0.05). For weekly Cd concentration in urine, the highest value was 0.48㎍/㎖ from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ of the 3rd week and inhalation exposure group Ⅰ, Ⅱ of the 4th week. For weekly Cd concentration in feces, the highest value was 0.32㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 89.02㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were 265.47㎍/g and 214.21㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ, respectively(p<0.05). The highest Hct, Hb, and WBC values were from inhalation exposure group Ⅱ and the highest RBC value was from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). Mostly damaged part in liver tissue was hepatic lobule and the degrees of damage were lessened by the intraperitoneal injection of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae. Proximal, distal convoluted tubules and glomerulus in kidney tissue were mostly damaged part. Degeneration and swelling were partially observed but the degrees of kidney tissue damage were lessened more or less by the intraperitoneal injection of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.177-187
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• 1972

곡식의 혼합비율은 백미에 보리쌀과 밀쌀을 각각 15%, 30%, 45%의 비례로 혼합하였고 비교군으로써 순백미군과 20% sugar casein diet를 두어서 총 8 group 으로 나누었다. 흰쥐 생후 $45{\pm}5$ 일(日) 된 albino rat로써 initial body weight 가 male이 $58{\pm}2\;g$, female이 $62{\pm}2\;g$ 이 되는 80 마리의 쥐를 8 군으로 하여서 한 군에(female 5, male 5)씩 나누어서 총 14주일 사육하였다. 성장율, 식이섭취량, F.E.R. P.E.R. 를 비교하여 보면 순백미 또는 백미에 보리를 혼합한 군보다 백미에 밀쌀을 섞은 군이 더 좋은 성장율과 F.E.R. 및 P.E.R. 을 나타내 주었다. 이와 같은 경향은 male군인 경우 female군보다 더 현저하나 nitrogen retention 에 역시 밀쌀 혼합군이 백미군이나 백미에 보리쌀을 혼합한 군보다 현저히 우수함을 볼 수 있으며 몸무게 증가와 밀접한 관계를 지니고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 곡류 diet 에서 배설된 nitrogen 중 $10{\sim}20%$가 변으로 배설되는 반면 표준군인 경우 nitrogen 이 거의 urine 으로 배설됨을 볼 수 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 곡류식인 경우는 함유된 단백질이 동물성 단백질식이에 비해 소화흡수되는 율이 저조하다. 혈청내 glucose 는 몸무게 증가와 밀접한 관계가 있었다. cholesterol 은 표준군이 곡류 diet 보다 total cholesterol 함량이 감소했으나 esterified cholesterol 과 free cholesterol 의 비에서 보면 곡류식이군이 표준군보다 높았다. 본 연구에서는 nitrogen 의 배설 상태 및 몸무게증가현상으로 미루어 밀쌀 혼합군이 보리쌀 혼합군보다는 우수하다는 결론을 지을 수 있다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2004

Effects of dietary calcium lactate (CaL-A) and Chungkukjang (Korean native fermented soybean) on bone mass, calcium status, body weight, serum glucose and cholesterol levels in young male rats were investigated. Chungkukjang was fermented by mixing 4 types of Bacillus sp., and then dried at 45$^{\circ}C$. Calcium lactate was prepared from the ash of black snail. The rats were fed a commercial rat diet for 1 week and then the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Animals were divided into four dietary groups: one calcium-deficient diet (Ca-De) and one of three with calcium supplemented diets (5 g calcium/kg diet) with either calcium phosphate (Ca-P), CaL-A, or CaL-A + Chuntkukjang (CaL-AC). Calcium supplemented diets contained 39 g Ca-P/kg diet and 28 g/kg of calcium lactate in the CaL-A and CaL-AC diets. Body weight gains during the 4 weeks in the Ca-P, CaL-A, CaL-AC and Ca-De groups were 130.45 g,112.50 g, 143.40 g and 10.20 g, respectively. Feed consumption of the groups from high to low was CaL-AC > Ca-P > CaL-A > Ca-De. The Ca-De group had low femur weights and low serum calcium concentrations, while they were comparatively high in CaL-AC, Ca-P and CaL-A groups. The Ca-De groups excreted less calcium in urine than did the other rats, probably due to increased absorption of the mineral in Ca-P, CaL-A and CaL-AC groups. Microscopic observations revealed that there were many regularly spaced holes in the femur of Ca-De group, while there were much smaller regularly spaced holes in Ca-P group. However, no holes in femur were observed in the CaL-A and CaL-AC groups. Bone surfaces were especially smooth and clean in the CaL-AC group. Serum concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol were remarkably lower in the CaL-AC group than in the other supplemented groups. These results suggest that calcium from CaL-A has higher bioavailability than from Ca-P, and dietary Chungkukjang may have a beneficial effect on calcium metabolism.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.1025-1036
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of present study was to investigate recovery effects of gypsum, which has been used clinically in diabetes therapy. Methods : We established three groups, normal, control, and gypsum, and assigned 6 rats to each group. The normal group was not treated by any process and fed normal saline. The control & gypsum groups were administered streptozotocin(STZ) to induce diabetes. Gypsum extract was orally administered to the gypsum group for 10 days. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their body weight, 24hrs urinary protein excretion, glucose, albumin, BUN, creatinine, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride in blood, level of glycation end-product (AGE) and transforming growth factor ($TGF-{\beta}1$) in serum were measured. Morphological profiles and morphometric studies of the kidney cortex. renal transforming growth factor ($TGF-{\beta}1$) expression, macrophage/monocyte antigen (ED-1), and type IV collagen expression were studied. Results : The following results were obtained. The protein amount in urine per 24hrs of the gypsum-treated group as compared to the control was significantly reduced. The BUN and creatinine level in serum of the gypsum-treated group as compared to the control was significantly inhibited. The construction change in the kidneys of the gypsum-treated group as compared to the control was significantly inhibited. The factor of the gypsum-treated group as compared to the control was significantly inhibited. which induced the structural change in the kidneys. Conclusions : The above results suggest that gypsum partially improved kidney function.