• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1994

In this study, we examined gangliosides from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat brain. To obtain the diabetic rat brain, we sacrified the rat three days after injecting the streptozotocin into venus in tail. We measured blood glucose level according to Somogy-Nelson method and measured insulin level using $^{125}$ I-insulin RIA kit. The gangliosides were extracted according to Folch-Suzuki method from the rat brain. We also examined the effect of major lipid components extracted from deer antler on diabetic rat brain. The results showed that the major lipids components lowered both blood glucose and insulin level in normal rat. However only the blood glucose level in diabetic rat was lowered with major lipid components. In diabetic rat brain, gangliosides metabolism were changed. The amount of GMla was increased while GDla, GDlb, and GTlb were not synthesized. Furthermore, undefined ganglioside was found. In major lipid component-treated diabetic rat brain, the ganglioside metabolism proceeded as same as the normal rat. On the contrary, in bovine brain gangliosides-treated diabetic rat brain, the gangliosides metabolism was not recovered to normal one.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (SMR) water extract against the cerebral hemorrhage and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Method : ICH was induced by the stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase type IV in Sprague-Dawley rats. SMR was orally given three times every 20 hours during 3 days after the ICH induction. Hematoma volume, water content of brain tissue and volume of evans blue leakage were examined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were observed with immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscope. Results : SMR significantly reduced the hematoma volume of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR significantly reduced the water content of brain tissue of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR reduced the percentage of the evans blue leakage around the hematoma on the caudate putamen compared to the ICH group, especially on the cerebral cortex. SMR significantly reduced the volume of the evans blue leakage level in the peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR significantly reduced MPO positive neutrophils in the peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR reduced the TNF-${\alpha}$ expression in peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. TNF-${\alpha}$ immuno-labeled cells were coincided with MPO immuno-labeled neutrophils in peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. Conclusion : These results suggest that SMR plays a protective role against the blood-brain barrier impairment in the ICH through suppression of inflammation in the rat brain tissues.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1976

가토(家兎)를 DA rat 뇌(腦)로 면역(免疫)하며 anti-rat brain assoriated ${\theta}(RBA{\theta})$ 혈청(血淸)을 만들어 rat 임파조직(淋巴組織)에 대(對)하여 세포독성(細胞毒性), 간접형광항체염색(間接螢光抗體染色) 및 GVH 반응억제능력(反應脚制能力) 등(等)을 검사(檢査)하였다. 이 $RBA{\theta}$ 혈청(血淸)은 강력(强力)한 항(抗)${\theta}$양혈청(樣血淸)이었으며 $RBA{\theta}$ 항원(抗原)은 mouse의 흉선세포(胸線細胞)와 뇌항원(腦抗原)과 교차반응(交叉反應)을 나타내었다. 이 $RBA{\theta}$ 혈청(血淸)을 사용(使用)하여 rat 임파조직(淋巴組織)의 ${\theta}$ 항원(抗原) 양성임파구(陽性淋巴球)를 검사(檢査)하였든 바 흉선임파구(胸線淋巴球)의 약(約) 98%, 임파절임파구(淋巴節淋巴球)의 $70{\sim}76%$, 말초혈액임파구(末梢血液淋巴球)의 72%, 비장임파구(脾臟淋巴球)의 $36{\sim}44%$ 및 골수(骨髓)의 4%가 ${\theta}$ 항원(抗原)을 가지고 있었다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of size and permittivity on the specific absorption rate(SAR) values of rat brains during microwave exposure at mobile phone frequency bands. A finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique with perfect matching layer(PML) absorbing boundaries is used for this evaluation process. A color coded digital image of the Sprague Dawley(SD) rat based on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) is used in FDTD calculation with appropriate permittivity values corresponding to different tissues for 3, 4, 7, and 10 week old rats. This study is comprised of three major parts. First, the rat model structure is scaled uniformly, i.e., the rat size is increased without change in permittivity. The simulated SAR values are compared with other experimental and numerical results. Second, the effect of permittivity on SAR values is examined by simulating the microwave exposure on rat brains with various permittivity values for a fixed rat size. Finally, the SAR distributions in depth, and the brain-averaged SAR and brain 1 voxel peak SAR values are computed during the microwave exposure on a rat model structure when both size and permittivity have varied corresponding to different ages ranging from 3 to 10 weeks. At 900 MHz, the simulation results show that the brain-averaged SAR values decreased by about 54 % for size variation from the 3 week to the 10 week-old rat model, while the SAR values decreased only by about 16 % for permittivity variation. It is found that the brain averaged SAR values decreased by about 63 % when the variations in size and permittivity are taken together. At 1,800 MHz, the brain-averaged SAR value is decreased by 200 % for size variation, 9.7 % for permittivity variation, and 207 % for both size and permittivity variations.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2006

The rat is an accepted model for studying human psychiatric/neurological disorders. We provide a protocol for total soluble protein extraction using trichloroacetic acid/acetone (TCA/A) from rat (female) whole brain, 10 brain regions and the pituitary gland, and show that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) using precast immobilized pH (4-7) gradient (IPG) strip gels (13 cm) in the first dimension yields clean silver nitrate stained protein profiles. Though TCA/A precipitation may not be "ideal", the important choice here is the selection of an appropriate lysis buffer (LB) for solubilizing precipitated proteins. Our results reveal enrichment of protein spots by use of individual brain regions rather than whole brain, as well as the presence of differentially expressed spots in their proteomes. Thus individual brain regions provide improved protein coverage and are better suited for differential protein detection. Moreover, using a phosphoprotein-specific dye, ingel detection of phosphoproteins was demonstrated. Representative high-resolution silver nitrate stained proteome profiles of rat whole brain total soluble protein are presented. Shortcomings apart (failure to separate membrane proteins), gel-based proteomics remains a viable option, and 2-DGE is the method of choice for generating high-resolution proteome maps of rat brain and brain regions.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.444-449
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• 1995

Primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells were employed to establish a reliable screening method for natural products blocldng or enhancing glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Exposure of primary cultured rat cortical cells or chicken embryonic brain cells to high dose of glutamate resulted in the fragmentation of neutites and consequent neuronal death. The level of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), indicator for cell survival in cultures, was significantly reduced at exposure to glutamate. For the practical application of the methods, series of concentrations of plants extracts and positive control were applied prior to the glutamate insult on primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic, brain cells. Relative LDH level in cells was measured for the estimation of the effect of the test materials on the glutamatergic neurons. The validity of the present screening method for natural products acting on glutamatergic neurons was examined with dextromethorphan, a known glutamatergic antagonist. The treatment of 100 $\mu{M}$ dextromethorphan prevented the reduction of LDH in rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells caused by glutamate insult keeping 60% and 90% of LDH level in normal control, respectively. Above results indicate that primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells could be proper systems for the screening of potential natural agents acting on glutamatergic, neurons. Between the two types of cultures, primary culture of chicken embryonic brain cells seemed to be a better system for the primary screening, since it is technically easier and economical compared to that of rat cortical cells.

• 약학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1975

The amount of total lipids nad phospholipids in the rat liver and brain after sodium nitrite treatment was measured together with the composition ratio of phospholipids. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The amount of total lipids and phospholipids was decreased significantly and this decrease was more outstanding in the rat brain liver. 2) The amount of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin was decreased, whereas that of phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol nitrite treatment of 120mg/kg/day concentration brings inhibition of lipid metabolism in the rat liver and brain.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.279-282
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• 1995

Eight natural or semistynthesized monoterpenes were examined for their effects in rat brain monoamine oxidase(MAO) using benzylamine as substrate. Thujone and 3-carene were found to have the inhibition effects on rat brain MAQ activity, 38% and 95% inhibition at 103M respectively. The kinetic study on 3-carene, the most potent inhibitive type. But (+) pulegon and (-) isopulegon was found to activate MAO slightly.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2005

From the RT-PCR amplifications using mRNA templates isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat brains, we isolated a cDNA fragment of 1,524 bp which covered the full coding information of the rat brain CYP2El. Its nucleotide sequence was identical to the previously reported rat liver CYP2El mRNA except for the difference of one base (A to C at the nucleotide position 73). This difference also altered the amino acid Lys to GIn. However, no insertion or deletion of nucleotide(s) which could alter the reading frame was found within the structure of this rat brain CYP2El. This study should provide the molecular basis regarding the pathophysiological function of CYP2El in the brain.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.91-96
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• 1995

The effects of toluene inhalation on the contents of amino acid neurotransmitters in rat brain were investigated and blood toluene concentrations inducing changes of behavior and amino acid neurotransmitter contents in rat brain were observed. Male wistar rats were exposed to toluene vapor (single dose : 1700, 5000 and 10000 ppm for 2 hrs, repeated dose : 1700 and 5000 ppm for 2 hrs/day$\times$6 days). Toluene concentrations in blood and the inhalation chamber were assayed by GC with headspace sampler. HPLC method following PITC derivatization was used to measure the amino acid contents in brain tissues such as frontal cortex, caudate, hippocampus, cerebellum and brain stem. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid levels were increased by single inhalation of toluene (5000 ppm) in all the brain areas assayed in this experiment. In caudate and cerebellum, taurine levels were decreased by single inhalation of low dose toluene (1700 ppm), but increased by repeated administration. At high blood toluene concentration, GABA levels were increased in all the brain areas assayed in this experiment and the increasing extents of inhibitory amino acid contents measured in caudate and hippocampus were greater than those of excitatory amino acids. These results suggest that the changes of amino acid neurotransmitter contents in brain by exposure to toluene may modulate toluene-induced behaviors.