• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.425-432
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• 2021

Aging is associated with functional and structural declines in organisms over time. Organisms as diverse as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals share signaling pathways that regulate aging and lifespan. In this review, we discuss recent combinatorial approach to aging research employing C. elegans and mammalian systems that have contributed to our understanding of evolutionarily conserved aging-regulating pathways. The topics covered here include insulin/IGF-1, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and sirtuin signaling pathways; dietary restriction; autophagy; mitochondria; and the nervous system. A combinatorial approach employing high-throughput, rapid C. elegans systems, and human model mammalian systems is likely to continue providing mechanistic insights into aging biology and will help develop therapeutics against age-associated disorders.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.70-85
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• 2019

Reduction of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling (IIS) extends the lifespan of various species. So far, several longevity mouse models have been developed containing mutations related to growth signaling deficiency by targeting growth hormone (GH), IGF1, IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor, and insulin receptor substrate. In addition, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) knockout leads to lifespan extension. S6K1 encodes an important kinase in the regulation of cell growth. S6K1 is regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1. The v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC)-deficient mice also exhibits a longevity phenotype. The gene expression profiles of these mice models have been measured to identify their longevity mechanisms. Here, we summarize our knowledge of long-lived mouse models related to growth and discuss phenotypic characteristics, including organ-specific gene expression patterns.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.19.1-19.10
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• 2019

We investigated the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/AKT signaling pathway involved in muscle formation, growth, and movement in the adductor muscle of triploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Large and small triploid oysters (LTs and STs) cultured under identical conditions were screened, and the signaling pathways of individuals with superior growth were compared and analyzed. mRNA and protein expression levels of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, and myosin, proteins important in muscle formation, were higher in LTs compared with STs. Expression levels of IGF-1, IGF binding protein (IGFBP), and IGFBP complex acid-labile subunit were also higher in LTs compared with STs. Phosphorylation of the IGF receptor as well as that of AKT was high in LTs. In addition, the expression of phosphomammalian target of rapamycin and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase $3{\beta}$ was increased and the expression of Forkhead box O3 was decreased in LTs. Therefore, we suggested that the IGF-1/AKT signaling pathway affects the formation, growth, and movement of the adductor muscle in triploid oysters.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.136.2-136.2
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• 2003

Previously, we showed that cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, but not rapamycin, inhibit MHC class I-restricted presentation of exogenous antigen in dendritic cells (DCs). We further characterized the effects of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus on the uptake, processing and cross-presentation of a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), in DCs. Treatment of DCs with cyclosporin A or tacrolimus did not inhibit phagocytic activity of DCs. Instead, treatment of DCs with cyclosporin A or tacrolimus inhibited the expression of $H-2K^b$/ molecules complexed with the OVA peptied, SIINFEKL, specifically. (omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2021

Caffeine, a methylxanthine analog of purine bases, is a compound that is largely consumed in beverages and medications for psychoactive and diuretic effects and plays many beneficial roles in neuronal stimulation and enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses by blocking adenosine receptors in higher organisms. In single-cell eukaryotes, however, caffeine somehow impairs cellular fitness by compromising cell wall integrity, inhibiting target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and growth, and overriding cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage. Among its multiple inhibitory targets, caffeine specifically interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinases causing radiosensitization and cytotoxicity via specialized intermediate molecules. Caffeine potentiates the lethality of cells in conjunction with several other stressors such as oxidants, irradiation, and various toxic compounds through largely unknown mechanisms. In this review, recent findings on caffeine effects and cellular detoxification schemes are highlighted and discussed with an emphasis on the inhibitory interactions between caffeine and its multiple targets in eukaryotic microorganisms such as budding and fission yeasts.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2011

The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is very important for the prevention of life style-related diseases and the improvement of quality of life. It is well-known that resistance exercise and nutrition (especially amino acids) are the most effective interventions for maintaining skeletal muscle mass. It has been reported that many molecules are involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in response to resistance exercise and nutrition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle protein synthesis is crucial for the development of appropriate interventions. The role of intracellular signaling pathways through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, has been extensively investigated for these years. Control of protein synthesis by mTOR is mediated through phosphorylation of downstream targets that modulate translation initiation and elongation step. In contrast, upstream mediators regulating mTOR and protein synthesis in response to resistance exercise and amino acid still needed to be determined. In this brief review, we discuss the current progress of intracellular mechanisms for exercise- and amino acid-induced activation of mTOR pathways and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.664-671
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• 2023

The proper maintenance of mRNA quality that is regulated by diverse surveillance pathways is essential for cellular homeostasis and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Here, we review findings regarding the role of mRNA quality control in the aging and longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans, an outstanding model for aging research. We discuss the recently discovered functions of the proper regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, ribosome-associated quality control, and mRNA splicing in the aging of C. elegans. We describe how mRNA quality control contributes to longevity conferred by various regimens, including inhibition of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling, dietary restriction, and reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. This review provides valuable information regarding the relationship between the mRNA quality control and aging in C. elegans, which may lead to insights into healthy longevity in complex organisms, including humans.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.442-452
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• 2020

Backgroud: Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioning at molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of stem-leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormal neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory induced by SD. Methods: Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronal morphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transient transfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin V staining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting assay. Results: SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h, accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycin and re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transduction in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion: SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probably through suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings may contribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disorders associated with SD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.1257-1264
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• 2016

개똥쑥은 예로부터 항암, 항바이러스 및 항균의 효능을 지니는 것으로 알려져 왔지만 작용 기작에 대한 내용이 많이 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 AGS 인체 위암 세포를 대상으로 개똥쑥 추출물(AAE)에 의한 apoptosis 효과와 신호경로 연구를 시행하였다. AAE의 암세포 성장에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 AGS cell에 AAE를 처리하고 MTT assay와 LDH assay를 수행한 결과 AAE 농도 의존적으로 나타난 세포 성장 억제가 세포 손상에 의한 것임을 확인하였다. 또한, AAE에 의한 암세포 증식 억제 효과가 apoptosis에 의한 것인지 확인하기 위하여 Hoechst 33342 staining과 Annexin V-PI staining을 수행한 결과, Hoechst 33342 staining에서 apoptotic body와 세포질 응축이 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였고, Annexin V-PI staining에서 apoptotic cells의 변화가 농도 의존적으로 증가함을 확인하였다. Western blotting의 결과 AAE가 농도 의존적으로 세포 생장에 관여하는 신호 단백질인 p-Akt, p-TSC2, p-mTOR, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$의 발현이 감소함을 확인하였고, anti-apoptotic 단백질인 Bcl-2의 발현이 억제됨으로써 proapoptotic 단백질인 Bax, Bak의 발현이 증가하는 일련의 신호경로를 조절할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 미토콘드리아 막 전위의 탈분극 유도를 확인하기 위한 JC-1 assay 수행 결과, AAE 농도 의존적으로 미토콘드리아 막 전위의 탈분극이 유도됨을 확인하였다. 탈분극에 의한 caspase 활성을 확인하기 위해 caspase-3/7 activity assay를 수행한 결과, AAE 농도 의존적으로 caspase activity 증가를 확인하였다. 또한, apoptosis가 일어나는 일련의 신호경로를 확인하기 위해 apoptosis 상위 단백질인 Akt, mTOR, GSK-$3{\beta}$의 활성을 억제하는 LY294002, Rapamycin, BIO를 각각 AGS cell에 처리하고 세포증식에 미치는 영향과 신호 단백질의 발현 양상을 알아보기 위해 MTT assay, LDH assay, western blotting을 수행하였다. 그 결과 AAE와 LY294002, Rapamycin 처리군에서 세포증식 억제와 LDH 방출량 증가뿐만 아니라 세포 생장 신호 단백질인 p-mTOR, p-TSC2, p-Akt, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$의 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였고, Bcl-2의 발현이 억제됨으로써 Bax와 Bak의 발현을 증가시키는 신호경로를 조절할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 AGS cell에 개똥쑥 추출물을 처리하였을 때 유도되는 apoptosis 효과는 Akt/mTOR/GSK-$3{\beta}$ 경로 활성 억제를 통해 Bcl-2 발현이 감소함에 따라 Bax, Bak를 활성화해 세포질로의 cytochrome C 유리에 따른 caspase 활성으로 이루어진다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.435-441
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• 2020

Background: As a process of aging, skeletal muscle mass and function gradually decrease. It is reported that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 play a role as AMP-activated protein kinase activator, resulting in regulating glucose homeostasis, and Rb1 reduces oxidative stress in aged skeletal muscles through activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. We examined the effects of Rb1 and Rb2 on differentiation of the muscle stem cells and myotube formation. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts treated with Rb1 and/or Rb2 were differentiated and induced to myotube formation, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic marker proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, MyoD, and myogenin, or immunostaining for myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for heterodimerization of MyoD/E-proteins. Results: Rb1 and Rb2 enhanced myoblast differentiation through accelerating MyoD/E-protein heterodimerization and increased myotube hypertrophy, accompanied by activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In addition, Rb1 and Rb2 induced the MyoD-mediated transdifferentiation of the rhabdomyosarcoma cells into myoblasts. Furthermore, co-treatment with Rb1 and Rb2 had synergistically enhanced myoblast differentiation through Akt activation. Conclusion: Rb1 and Rb2 upregulate myotube growth and myogenic differentiation through activating Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and inducing myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. Thus, our first finding indicates that Rb1 and Rb2 have strong potential as a helpful remedy to prevent and treat muscle atrophy, such as age-related muscular dystrophy.