• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.821-831
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• 2022

This study evaluated the effects of physical touch play programs in children through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. A literature search for journal articles published before August 2022 was conducted using KERIS, KISS, DBpia, and ScienceON. The keywords used for the search were 'child', 'infant', 'physical touch', 'physical touch play', 'physical touch activities' and 'physical touch play program'. For the study's purpose, seven studies were selected through a systematic process of using several databases and were used to estimate the effect size of physical touch play programs. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, and the effect size on cognitive function was calculated. Hedges' g of the physical touch play program was 6.20 (95% CI: 3.74-8.66), indicating a large effect size. To determine heterogeneity (I2= 95.4%, Q = 417.30, p<0.001), moderator analysis was performed using the total number of times and intervention duration. The total number of times was statistically significant; the other moderators did not differ significantly. This study systematically analyzed the results of physical touch play programs on children in Korea. It also provides insights that can be applied to the design of physical touch play programs for children. To present more evidence that supports the effectiveness of physical touch programs, further research is warranted.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_3
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• pp.1053-1066
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• 2020

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is primarily released through industrial, residential, and transportation activities, and creates secondary air pollutants through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Long-term exposure to SO₂ can result in a negative effect on the human body causing respiratory or cardiovascular disease, which makes the effective and continuous monitoring of SO₂ crucial. In South Korea, SO₂ monitoring at ground stations has been performed, but this does not provide spatially continuous information of SO₂ concentrations. Thus, this research estimated spatially continuous ground-level SO₂ concentrations at 1 km resolution over South Korea through the synergistic use of satellite data and numerical models. A stacking ensemble approach, fusing multiple machine learning algorithms at two levels (i.e., base and meta), was adopted for ground-level SO₂ estimation using data from January 2015 to April 2019. Random forest and extreme gradient boosting were used as based models and multiple linear regression was adopted for the meta-model. The cross-validation results showed that the meta-model produced the improved performance by 25% compared to the base models, resulting in the correlation coefficient of 0.48 and root-mean-square-error of 0.0032 ppm. In addition, the temporal transferability of the approach was evaluated for one-year data which were not used in the model development. The spatial distribution of ground-level SO₂ concentrations based on the proposed model agreed with the general seasonality of SO₂ and the temporal patterns of emission sources.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2004

In this study, the reliability design method developed by Shimosako and Takahashi in 1999 for calculation of the expected sliding distance of the caisson of a vertical breakwater is extended to take into account the variability in wave direction such as directional spreading of waves, obliquity of the deep-water design principal wave direction from the shore-normal direction, and its variation about the design value. To calculate the transformation of random directional waves, the model developed by Kweon et al. in 1997 is used instead of Goda's model, which was developed in 1975 for unidirectional random waves normally incident to a straight coast with parallel depth contours and has been used by Shimosako and Takahashi. The effects of directional spreading and the variation of deep-water principal wave directions were minor compared with those of the obliquity of the deep-water design principal wave direction from the shore-normal direction, which tends to reduce the expected sliding distance as it increases. Especially when we used the field data in a part of east coast of Korea, considering the variability in wave directions reduced the expected sliding distance to about one third of that not considering the directional variability. Reducing the significant wave height calculated at the design site by 6％ to correct the effect of wave refraction neglected in using Goda's model was found to be proper when the deep-water design principal wave direction is about 20 degrees. When it is smaller than 20 degrees, a value smaller than 6％ should be used, or vice versa. When we designed the caisson with the expected sliding distance to be 30㎝, in the area of water depth of 25 m or smaller, we could reduce the caisson width by about 30％ at the maximum compared with the deterministic design, even if we did not consider the variability in wave directions. When we used the field data in a part of east coast of Korea, considering the variability in wave directions reduced the necessary caisson width by about 10% at the maximum compared with that not considering the directional variability, and is needed a caisson width smaller than that of the deterministic design in the whole range of water depth considered (10∼30 m).

• Wind and Structures
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-82
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• 2010

The 486m-long roof of Shenzhen Citizens Centre is one of the world's longest spatial lattice roof structures. A comprehensive numerical study of wind effects on the long-span structure is presented in this paper. The discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) recently proposed by two of the authors (Huang and Li 2008) was adopted to produce a spatially correlated turbulent inflow field for the simulation study. The distributions and characteristics of wind loads on the roof were numerically evaluated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, in which Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) Model were employed. The main objective of this study is to explore a useful approach for estimations of wind effects on complex curved roof by CFD techniques. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire roof were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine mean, fluctuating and peak pressure coefficient distributions, and spectra, spatial correlation coefficients and probability characteristics of pressure fluctuations. Numerical results were then compared with these experimentally determined data for validating the numerical methods. The comparative study demonstrated that the LES integrated with the DSRFG technique could provide satisfactory prediction of wind effects on the long-span roof with complex shape, especially on separation zones along leading eaves where the worst negative wind-induced pressures commonly occur. The recommended LES and inflow turbulence generation technique as well as associated numerical treatments are useful for structural engineers to assess wind effects on a long-span roof at its design stage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2583-2589
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• 2013

Purpose: Studies have indicated that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for bladder cancer; however, not all evidence supports this conclusion. The aim of this meta-analysis was to collate and evaluate all primary observational studies investigating the risk of bladder cancer associated with DM. Methods: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify studies that estimated the association of DM and bladder cancer. Summary effect estimates were derived using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: A total of 23 studies (8 case-control studies, 15 cohort studies) including 643,683 DM and 4,819,656 non-DM cases were identified. Analysis of all studies showed that DM was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with non-DM overall (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.32-2.13). Analysis of subgroups demonstrated this to be the case in both case-control studies (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.28-1.97, $I^2$=58%) and cohort studies (RR=1.70, 95% CI 1.23-2.33, $I^2$=96%). There was no gender difference in DM-associated bladder cancer risk. Bladder cancer risk was increased in Asia and the North America region, but not in Europe. Furthermore, DM-associated bladder cancer risk was obviously higher in Asia than North America and Europe or in those with Caucasian ethnicity. With extension of follow-up time, the bladder cancer risk was not increased for the patients with DM. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provided further evidence supporting theDM association with a significantly higher risk of bladder cancer obtained from observational studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.648-652
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• 2012

The sensory characteristics of nine commercially distilled soju samples were determined by sensory descriptive analysis. Eight aroma attributes, as well as four flavor/taste attributes, and six mouth-feel related attributes were evaluated by 9 judges. The descriptive data set was initially analyzed for a significant overall product effect by employing a three-way mixed model analysis of variance (judges, samples, and replications) as well as two-way interactions, with judges treated as random. In addition, correlations between mean attribute ratings were calculated, and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the mean attribute ratings employing the covariance matrix was conducted. Based on the PCA, distilled soju samples were primarily separated along the first principal component, which accounted for 66% of the total variance between the samples, with high intensities of 'alcohol taste' and 'alcohol aroma' versus 'yeast aroma'. The second principal component accounted for 14% of the total variance. Soju containing high alcohol showed stronger intensities of 'bitterness', 'alcohol taste', 'alcohol aroma', as well as all mouth-feel attributes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.775-784
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• 2017

A neutral xylanase (CcXyn) was identified from Coprinus cinereus. It has a single GH10 catalytic domain with a basic amino acid-rich extension (PVRRK) at the C-terminus. In this study, the wild-type (CcXyn) and C-terminus-truncated xylanase ($CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$) were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and their characteristics were comparatively analyzed with aims to examine the effect of this extension on the enzyme function. The circular dichorism analysis indicated that both enzymes in general had a similar structure, but $CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$ contained less ${\alpha}-helices$ (42.9%) and more random coil contents (35.5%) than CcXyn (47.0% and 32.8%, respectively). Both enzymes had the same pH (7.0) and temperature ($45^{\circ}C$) optima, and similar substrate specificity on different xylans. They all hydrolyzed beechwood xylan primarily to xylobiose and xylotriose. The amounts of xylobiose and xylotriose accounted for 91.5% and 92.2% (w/w) of total xylooligosaccharides (XOS) generated from beechwood by CcXyn and $CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$, respectively. However, truncation of the C-terminal 5-amino-acids extension significantly improved the thermostability, SDS resistance, and pH stability at pH 6.0-9.0. Furthermore, $CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$ exhibited a much lower $K_m$ value than CcXyn (0.27 mg/ml vs 0.83 mg/ml), and therefore, the catalytic efficiency of $CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$ was 2.4-times higher than that of CcXyn. These properties make $CcXyn-{\Delta}5C$ a good model for the structure-function study of $({\alpha}/{\beta})_8$-barrel-folded enzymes and a promising candidate for various applications, especially in the detergent industry and XOS production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.8 s.86
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• pp.101-111
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• 2005

Various urban transport policies have an effect on urban transit riderships and accessibility. This study reports variations of metropolitan subway travel patterns affected by an enormous change in bus routes and transfer discount fare policy between subway and bus mode conducted by Seoul city in July 1st of 2004. In an effort to see the difference between the before and the after policies, two data sets are prepared. Firstly, on a daily bassis. an origin-destination trip table of May of 2004 is used. Secondly, on a daily bassis, an origin-destination trip table of August-September of 2004 is used as a counter measure. Even if seasonal variation was not considered, Seoul metropolitan area have experienced increasing riderships and accessibility. Finally, the effects of accessibility in spatial interaction model by rall service changes such as random shocks were scrutinized and interpreted in detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.359-364
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• 2017

A machine such as bean crusher machine is subjected to different loads and vibration. Due to this vibration there will be certain deformations which affect the performance of the machine in adverse manner. This paper proposed a vibration analysis of bean crusher machine using ANSYS. The Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis is carried out to study the effect of vibration on the structure in order to ensure the safety. This work helps the machine developer make a better product at the early design stage with lower cost and faster development time. To do this, firstly, using Inventor, a CAD model is prepared. Secondly, the analysis is to be carried out using ANSYS 15. The modal analysis and random vibration analysis of the structure was conducted. The analysis shows that the proposed design was successfully shows the minimum deformation when the vibration was applied in normal condition.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.457-462
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to determine appropriate sample size that simulated different assumptions for diagnostic test characteristics and true prevalences when designing serological surveillance plan for pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in domestic poultry production. The number of flocks and total number of chickens to be sampled was obtained to provide 95% confidence of detecting at least one infected flock, taking imperfect diagnostic tests into account. Due to lack of reliable data, within infected flock prevalence (WFP) was assumed to follow minimum 1%, most likely 5% and maximum 9% and true flock prevalence of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% in order. Sensitivity were modeled using the Pert distribution: minimum 75%, most likely 80% and maximum 90% for plate agglutination test and 80%, 85%, and 90% for ELISA test. Similarly, the specificity was modeled 85%, 90%, 95% for plate agglutination test and 90%, 95%, 99% for ELISA test. In accordance with the current regulation, flock-level test characteristics calculated assuming that 30 samples are taken from per flock. The model showed that the current 112,000 annual number of testing plan which is based on random selection of flocks is far beyond the sample size estimated in this study. The sample size was further reduced with increased sensitivity and specificity of the test and decreased WFP. The effect of increasing samples per flock on total sample size to be sampled and optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity of the test for the purpose of the surveillance is discussed regarding cost.