• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

Purpose : Sayeok-tang (Sini decoction, SND) is a cold-dispelling formula used for cold deficiency syndrome and is composed of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preperata, Zingiberis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. It is used for diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute and chronic gastroenteritis, and gastric effusion. This study proposes the possibility of expansion of basic research and clinical applications for ischemic heart disease (IHD) through systematic analysis of domestic and foreign studies on SND. Methods : We collected studies within the last 10 years on the use of SND in IHD and excluded those lacking relevance. Selected studies were classified by research method and the main themes of the studies were analyzed for each classification. Result: Out of 15 studies, there were 5 animal studies, 8 metabolite analyses in animals, 1 in vitro study, and 1 systematic review. Our review suggests that SND may be used as an adjuvant to nitroglycerin and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and may improve symptoms and quality of life of patients with IHD. Myocardial protective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-hypertensive actions were confirmed through these studies. Effects on carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism were also reported. Conclusions : This study suggests that SND has potential as a treatment for IHD.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.17-34
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• 2023

Objectives Few studies to date reviewed herbal medicines prescribed to pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to summarize and analyze these herbal medicines. Methods Nine databases were searched for studies published up until November 24, 2020. Nine case reports and one case series involving 17 pediatric patients were included in the study. The clinical symptoms, interventions, outcomes, pattern identification, composition, and frequency of herbal medicine administration were analyzed. Results The symptoms of pediatric patients with COVID-19 treated with herbal medicines were mild or moderate. Herbal medicines have been used to alleviate symptoms, such as fever and cough. No adverse events were reported. All of the patients who received herbal medicines were discharged from the hospital after symptomatic relief. Pattern identification revealed that the lungs were the most affected organs. Epidemic toxins, wind, dampness, and heat were the primary etiological factors. More pediatric patients with COVID-19 were prescribed a combination of herbal and Western medicines than herbal medicines alone. The frequently used herbs include Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Lonicerae Flos, Scutellariae Radix, Armeniacae Semen, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and Astragali Radix. Conclusions Our review can serve as a reference for the treatment of COVID-19 in children.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 1993

This study aimed at evaluating the preventive effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix and Glycine Semen Extract (GGE) against NAC intoxication. NAC is widely used pesticide in many countries and derivative of carbamats and GGE is well-known antidote to some kinds of toxicants which was referenced from oriental medicine text. The results obtained were as follows: 1) After injecting NAC (100,140 mg/kg), determined Ch.E activities decrease 44.77~50.86% for all experimental groups at one hour after exposure, and were gradually recovered in the course of time. 2) In toxicity test of GGE, there were no sign of death or poisoning up to 5000 mg/kg of GGE for p.o. in mice. From this, we suggest that the LD$_{50}$ of GGE would be above 5000 mg/kg. 3) The Ch.E activity in control group was 471.43 $\pm$ 4.85 luff, group I was 215.27 $\pm$ 23.13 IU/l, group II and group III were 304.03 $\pm$ 9.03 IU/l, 433.81 $\pm$ 21.73 IU/l, respectively. Compare to the control group with experimental group I, remarkable difference revealed (p< 0.01), but the Ch.E activities of group II and III were similar to those of control group. This is indicate that GGE possess a potent activity of recovering Ch.E. GGE had a very remarkable preventive effect on NAC toxicity, and it was able to know that Ch.E activity dramatically increased according to GGE dosage increasing. 4) When GGE and NAC were administered by p.o. simultaneously, LD$_{50}$ and confidence intervals of each group were as follows: the control group: 270 mg/kg, 234.99~310.23 mg/kg, group I and II (GGE 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg by p.o.): 310 mg/kg, 271.69~353.71mg/kg, and 325 mg/kg, 285.09~370.50 mg/kg, respectively. In the comparison with the control group, the protective index was 1.1 and 1.2, respectively. From the above result, GGE has reactivation effect to decreasing Ch.E activity induced by exposure to NAC. Furthermore, GGE shows a preventive effect on NAC intoxication.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.165-177
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe the protective effects of 8 types of individual herbal components of Yijintang-gamibang, on the reflux esophagitis (RE) in rats as compared with omeprazole. Methods : Each 100 mg/kg individual herbal component was orally pretreated, at 1 hr before and 6 hrs after pylorus and forestomach ligation, the changes on the esophageal lesion areas, gastric volumes, acid and pepsin outputs, antioxidant effects, esophageal total hexose and sialic acid contents were observed with changes on the esophageal histopathology. The results were compared with an omeprazole 10 mg/kg treated group. Results : Pylorus and forestomach ligation-induced RE were inhibited by treatment of all 8 herbal components and omeprazole except for Pinella Rhizoma and Massa Meicata Fermentata, in order of Atractylodis Rhizoma, Citri Pericarpium, omeprazole, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Hordei Fructus Germiniatus, Holelen and Citri Pericarpium, as compared with RE control. Pinella Rhizoma and Massa Meicata Fermentata did not show any favorable protective effects against RE nor antioxidant effects in the present study. Conclusions : The main active herbal components showing favorable protective effects on RE of Yijintang-gamibang mediated by antioxidant effects, were Atractylodis Rhizoma, Citri Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Hordei Fructus Germiniatus, Holelen and Citri Pericarpium. Furthermore Atractylodis Rhizoma and Citri Pericarpium showed more favorable protective effects as compared with omeprazole, therefore, it is expected that Atractylodis Rhizoma and Citri Pericarpium have potential as new alternatives or safe therapeutics against RE.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 are modulated by Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (ER) and White Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (EG). Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of Red Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. White Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of White Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. The intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay with spectrofluorometer (excitation 485 nm; emission 535 nm). For 4, 20, 24, 44, 48, 68, and 72 h incubation, ER significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). EG for 4, 20, 24, 44, and 48 h incubation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). For 68 and 72 h incubation, EG at the concentration of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions in RAW 264.7 (P <0.05). These results suggest that ER and EG have the immune-enhancing properties related with their increasing effects on the intracellular hydrogen peroxide production of macrophage.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.286-293
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• 2013

This study investigates the attachment of glycyrrhizin to fabric using an X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer( XPS). XPS spectra analysis showed that carbon content on treated fabrics with 0.2% glycyrrhizin increased to 2.699% for silk, 2.829% for nylon, 1.505% for cotton, respectively. The results show that glycyrrhizin is absorbed on treated fabrics. The glycyrrhizin extraction method makes radix glycyrrhizae powder 10g treat the first and the second treatment with ethanol, remove impurities on $75^{\circ}C$; subsequently, it is treated for 10 hours with ethanol 75% on $85^{\circ}C$ and lyophilizated. As the result, glycyrrhizin is extracted 1.7g in GL-I, 1.1 g in GL-II. As the result of abstracting glycyrrhizin with two methods, pure glycyrrhizin was abstracted 45.9% in GL-I, 74.9% in GL-II. GL-I, GL-II; in addition, glycyrrhizin( Japan) on TLC plate was separated in Rf 0.6. By GL-II extract method, this experiment obtained glycyrrhizin 15 g treated in a bath ratio set to 1: 100. Silk fabric was treated at $80^{\circ}C$, 60 min. in, nylon fabric $10^{\circ}C$, 70 min., and cotton fabric $30^{\circ}C$, 80 min.; subsequently, silk, nylon, cotton fabrics showed a 99.9% antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.152-160
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• 2004

Backgrounds : Androgenetic alopecia is a relatively common disorder, but its precise mechanism is not elucidated. There are two commercial drugs approved by FDA. One(finasteride) has an inhibition activity of 5$\alpha$-reductase(type 2) and the other(minoxidil) has a vasodilation activity. Objectives : A verified herbal remedy for baldness is needed for medicinal treatment or preventing alopecia, which could be demonstrated by alopecia-related in vitro & in vivo tests Methods : On the basis of oriental pharmacognosy, we classified many herbal medicines into four groups (malnutrition, aging, alopecia and gray hair) according to its effect. The mitosis induction of hairy dermal papillae cell and the metabolic inhibition for type 2 $5{\alpha}-reductase$ were tested with five herbal extracts. Also, five herbal extracts were added to the normal essence formulation (HHRHG0202-80) in ranges of 0.1~0.3%, which was applied two-mouse models to validate each hair growing activity in vivo. Results : Stimulation of follicular papillae cell proliferation was observed in treatment of three herbal extracts (Glycyrrhizae radix:159.7%, Corni fructus : 144.7%, and Coicis semen : 136.6%) at a dose of $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. Three herbal extracts (Biotae semen. Glycyrrhizae radix and Coicis semen) showed inhibitory activity for $5{\alpha}-reductase$(type 2) at 93.18%, 73.36% and 47.6%, respectively at the same dose. We observed the enhancement of hair growth activity in C57b1/6 mouse and the inhibition of alopecia in AGA mouse after topical administration of the hair essence. Conclusions : Hair essence product, which contains five medicinal plants, would be used for the remedy for male pattern baldness (MPB) and the other alopecia diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2011

Objectives : Genetic analysis and taste pattern were performed to identify species between Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra which are officially listed in Korean Pharmacopoeia IX as origin of Gamcho(g$\={a}$nc$\v{a}$o, licorice root, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). Methods : Genetic analysis showed that identification between two species was done by comparing base sequence of ITS(intergenic transcribed spacer) and trnH-psbA regions from eleven Gamchoes sold in market. There was different taste pattern using by taste sensor in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra. Results : Genetic analysis showed that six Gamchoes from China were identified as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and five Gamchoes from Uzbekistan were G. glabra. From the results of taste pattern, sourness and astringency of Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China were significantly higher than G. glabra from Uzbekistan, and aftertaste of astringency, aftertaste of umami, and saltiness of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were signicantly low as compared to G. glabra. There is no significant difference between two species in terms of bitterness, aftertaste of bitterness, and umami. Conclusions : Taken together, Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China and G. glabra from Uzbekistan were identified by taste sensor, and this technic could be applied to establishment of taste pattern marker for identification of different species located in various regions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.588-593
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• 2002

Paraquat, one of the potent herbicides, causes fatal damage to many vital organs, when orally ingested, resulting in circulatory failure, respiratory distress syndrome, and a few other serious problems, but there is no known specific antidote against it. Of the possible problems related to paraquat intoxication, oliguric acute renal failure, which has been known to develop within 24 or 48 hours after intoxication, are notoriously life-threatening. So we attempted to investigate the clinical characteristics and progress of paraquat-induced acute renal failure and the therapeutic possibilities of herbal medicines. All of the fifteen subjects were treated with intravenous fluid injection of 5% dextrose saline or 10% dextrose water in conjunction with herbal medicines which were used for oral administration or gargling. Gamdutang, a decoction of Semen Glycin(黑豆 200g) and Radix Glycyrrhizae(甘草 100g) with addition of other herbs when necessary, was administered orally. At the same time, gargling fluid, consisted of Chinese ink(墨汁), char-frying powder of Rhei Rhizoma(大黃炒炭末), Succus phyllostachyos(竹瀝), was used to detoxify the oral cavity. Serum levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN) and Creatinine reached its peak on the third day of hospitalization, but then decreased and fell within the normal range on the 7th day and remained there. Serum levels of Na+ and K+ decreased down below the lower limits of normal range on the 7th day and on the 3rd day, respectively. Then they returned back within normal limits. Mean urine output on the 1st day of hospitalization was 1,050ml and it continuously increased to reach more than 2,000ml on the 14th day. From that day on, it stayed over 2,000ml. Fifteen cases of acute renal failure caused by paraquat intoxication were treated with combined treatments of oriental and western medicine in our hospital. However, we think that it is necessary to study further about the way to combine oriental and western medicine, to find out a more effective treatment method.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.352-355
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• 2003

To investigate the protective effect of Gamdu-tang(GDT) and its constituents. Radix Glycyrrhizae(RG) and Semen Glycine(SG) on the damage of cardiac endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen free radical, Neutral Red (NR) and DNA synthesis assay were used. The results were obtained as follows ; Cardiac endothelial cells treated with XO/HX showed the cytotoxicity such as decreases in viability and DNA synthesis. Cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with GDT extracts were not showed the decrease of DNA synthesis by XO/HX, These results show that XO/HX elicits toxic effects in cultured cardiac endothelial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that GDT extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced toxicity.