• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2015

The immune system is specifically sensitive to oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation because of its rapid proliferative activity. For this reason, an instructive immune system is one of the best ways to minimize side effects, such immunodeficiency, of gamma radiation. Over the past few decades, several natural plants with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties have been identified as adjuncts for nontoxic and successful radiotherapy. Hizikia fusiforme extract (HFE) containing plentiful dietary fiber and fucoidan is known for its instructive antioxidant capacity, immunomodulation abilities, and immune activation. In this study, we determined whether HFE protects radiosensitive immune cells from gamma radiation-induced damage. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with gamma-ray. The effect of HFE on the ionizing radiation damage of immune cells was then evaluated with an MTT assay, 3H-thymidine incorporation assay, and PI staining. We found that HFE stimulated the proliferation of gamma-ray irradiated immune cells without cytotoxic effects. We also observed that HFE not only decreased DNA damage but also reduced gamma radiation-induced apoptosis of the immune cells. Our results suggest that HFE can protect immune cells from gamma-ray damage and may serve as an effective, non-toxic radioprotective agent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1993

Three cell lines, CHO, L929 and B16 which are non-tumorigenic and cancer cells, respectively, were first tested for their survival in the presence of radioprotective ginseng protein fraction(GPF0. The influence of three radioprotectors-CPF, cysteamine, and 1-Methyl-2-bis[(2-methylthio)vinyl] quinolinium iodide (MVQI) on DNA repair capacity of UV damaged cells survival test, the GPF showed higher cytotoxicity in L929 and B16 than in CHO cells. However, the degree of cell killing was also investigated by measuring $^3H$-thymidine incorporation of PUVA treated cells. In cell survival test, the GPF showed higher cytotoxicity in L929 and B16 than in CHO cells. However, the degree of cell killing was not high enough to consider it as an antitumorigenic agent. Variable results were obtained in the effects on DNA repair capacity depending on the protectors and cell lines used. In pretreatment, the presence of GPF and MVOI brought about a sinificant increase in the capacity in both CHO and B16 cells. However, in L929, the enhancing effect was not shown. In all three cell lines, cysteamine showed lower repair capacity than control, suggesting the primary damage reduction in stronger enhancing effects in L929 and B16 cells, while it was weaker in CHO cells. Here also cystemine hsowed a very little or no increase in the capacity in all three cell lines. These results demonstrate that GPF has mild cytotoxicity in tumorignic cells and that GPF and MVQI enhance DNA repair capacity of UV damaged cells, whether they are tumorigenic or not. On the other hand, cysteamine shows only damage reduction effect. Celles of different genetic origin seem to give different responses to the modifier and different modifiers may possibly work by different mechanisms.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2010

To examine the radioprotective effect of algin-oligosaccharide(AOS), radiation-induced IL(interleukin)-6 in mice treated with 3 Gy whole body irradiation once were examined. In the measurement of irradiation-induced IL-6, in comparison with the irradiation control group, in both small intestine and liver tissues of the group treated with algin-oligosaccharide for 7 days prior to irradiation, was suppressed IL-6 synthesis(p < 0.001). It is considered that the protection against radiation hazard by antioxydative reaction of algin-oligosaccharide results in down control of IL-6 value in experimental groups treated with algin-oligosaccharide. In conclusion, through our study, the fact that algin-oligosaccharide has irradiation protection effects was elucidated, and simultaneously, the possibility of the use of a natural product without chemical toxicity as an irradiation protection agent was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2010

Recently, the incidents of direct or indirect radiation exposure due to increase of use of radiation or radioisotope are on the increase in medical and industrial circles. If cells are irradiated, free radicals are created through biological process, and cells are directly or indirectly damaged. This research intends to explore into the effect of saponin at the level of cell (in vitro) and entity (in vivo), using red ginseng extract "saponin", as radioprotective agent. In the experiment implemented at the level of cell (in vitro), degree of cell activity was measures by adding mouse mesenchymal stem cells "C3H/10T1/2 cells" into red ginseng extract "saponin(0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L)", and then the optimal concentration of saponin influencing cells was calculated, in 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after gamma irradiation at the optimal concentration of saponin, each cell survival rate was observed through XTT assay. The best time period of cultivation for the optimal activity of C3H/10T1/2 cells was as 48 hours, and the degree of optimal activity was shown at 0.05 g/L. In 48 hours after irradiation of 5 Gy to C3H/10T1/2 cells at 0.05 g/L, the degree of activity of cells increased by 10%. In the experiment implemented at the level of entity (in vivo), red ginseng extract "saponin" at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day was injected into the abdominal cavity of six-week immature mouse for two weeks. Right after the last abdominal injection, total body irradiation of gamma rays was carried out at a dose of 5 Gy and 10 Gy. And after irradiation, the blood sample was taken, and then the number of red corpuscles was counted. In result, the decrement of experimental group treated with red ginseng extract "saponin" was 2.3 times larger than that of control group. In view of the results so far achieved, it was revealed that red ginseng extract "saponin" has a radiation exposure protection effect in the experiment implemented at the level of cell (in vitro). In case of animal experiment, the decrement of number of red corpuscles decreased. Finally, it is necessary to carry out more various researches continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.779-786
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• 2022

This study is designed to examine the effects of Dioscorea Quinqueloba extract as a natural radiation protection agent on the prostate and heart of male rats. Dioscorea Quinqueloba extract is well known to prevent the male-specific disease and heart disease. In this study, the Gamma-ray 10 Gy was irradiated in whole body of male rat to identify radioprotective effect by Dioscorea Quinqueloba extract. After irradiation, tissue change, SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) activity changes and hematological changes were observed. DQ+IR group showed higher lymphocyte, white blood cell, platelet levels than the IR group. In the NC and DQ groups, the number of prostate gland cells and the gap between cells were relatively narrow. But in the IR group, the cells died significantly and the gap widened. In the DQ+IR group, the gap between cells increased similarly to the IR group, but the number of dead cells was noticeably smaller. In the NC and DQ groups, the cardiovascular and myocardium are clearly separated, and cell nuclei are in good condition. But in the IR group, the cardiovascular and myocardium boundaries were disrupted, and the number of dead cell nuclei was high. In the DQ+IR group, although the boundaries were widened, but not disrupted and the number of dead cell nuclei was high. Therefore, Dioscorea Quinqueloba extract is judged to have radioprotective properties for the prostate and cardiovascular.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 2009

Interest in marine organisms as potential sources of bioactive agents has increased in recent years. The red seaweed, Callophyllis (C.) japonica, is abundant in the coastal regions of Jeju Island in South Korea. A previous study shows that C. japonica extracts have antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects. In this study, an methanol extract of C. japonica was tested whether it has antibacterial effects against the bacteria from swine. In vitro antibacterial activities of the crude extracts prepared from the C. japonica using 80 % methanol were tested for inhibitory activity against the Escherichia (E.) coli (S175), Enterococcus (E.) faecium (ATCC 51558), Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and Staphylo-coccus (S.) aureus (ATCC 25923) by using broth dilution method. All organisms were incubated in brain heart infusion medium containing 1% extract at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hrs. The 3 days-old piglets were fed an experimental diet supplemented with 1% C. japonica for 1 week. And the change of the coliform bacteria in feces were examined after supplement of C. japonica for 1 week. When the inocula containing $10^2{\sim}10^3$CFU/ml of each organism were used the extracts of C. japonica showed various degrees of antibacterial effects on all bacteria tested. The CFU value ($6.3\times10^8$CFU/ml) of C. japonica for E. coli was decreased 30% compared with vehicle controls ($9.0\times10^8$CFU/ml) after 8 hrs incubation. The proliferation rate of E. faecium was inhibited about 68% at 4 hrs, 81% at 8 hrs and 76% at 12 hrs after incubation, respectively. The proliferation rate of S. Typhimurium was inhibited about 96% at 4 hrs, 90% at 8 hrs and 72% at 12 hrs after incubation with extracts of C. japonica. The proliferation rate of S. aureus was inhibited more than 90% each time courses. Conclusively, a red seaweed extract of C. japonica was found to be effective against a number of gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as E. coli, E. faecium, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus. The number of coliform bacteria was increased in the 1% C. japonica-treated group, as compared to those of controls. This result suggests that C. japonica extracts be added as an effective natural antibacterial agent. The precise mechanism of antibacterial effects and its application on swine industry remains to be further studied.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

Purpose : Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent with potent microtubule stabilizing activity that arrests cell cycle in $G_2$-M Because $G_2$-M is the most radiosensitive Phase of the cell cycle, paclitaxel has potential as a cell cycle- specific radiosensitizer. This study was designed to investigate the ability of paclitaxel to increase the radiotoxicity in normal small bowel mucosa of the rat. materials and Methods : A sigle intraperitoneal infusion of paclitaxel (10mg/kg), and a single irradiation(8 Gy, x-ray) to the whole abdomen and combination of radiation(8 Gr, x-ray) 24 hours after paclitaxel infusion in the rats were done. The changes of jejunal mucosa, and kinetics of mitotic arrest and apoptosis in the jejunal crypt were defined at 6 hours - 5 days after each treatment histologically. Results : Paclitaxel blocked jejunal crypt cell in mitosis and induced minmal apoptosis. Mitotic arrest by paclitaxel was peaked at 6 hours after infusion and returned to normal by 24 hours. Radiation induced apoptosis and peaked at 6 hours and returned to normal by 24 hours. Combination of paclitaxel and radiation blocked crypt cell in mitosis at 3 days and induced apoptosis slightly at 6 hours and 24 hours and returned to normal by 3 days. The incidence of apoptosis in combined group at 6 hours was slightly higher than normal control but significantly lower than radiation alone group. The major changes of jejunal mucosa were nuclear vesicle and atypia which were appeared at 6 hours - 3 days and returned to normal by 5 days The degree of the mucosal changes are not different in 3 groups except for absence of inflmmatory reaction in radiation group. Conclusion : Mitotic arrest by paclitaxel was peaked at 6 hours and returned to normal by 24 hours and paclitaxel induced minimal apoptosis. Radiation induced apoptosis, peaked at 6 hours and returned to normal by 24 hours. Radiation-induced apoptosis was less in combined group which suggested that paclitaxel have a radioprotective effect when radiation was given 24 hours after paclitaxel infusion.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 1995

Purpose : To investigate the effect of alkaloid fraction from Korean ginseng on radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (dsb) formation and repair in murine lymphocytes Materials and Methods : We used the neutral filter elution technique to assay $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}$ ray-induced DNA double strand breaks formation and repair in C57BL/6 mouse spleen lymphocytes for evaluating the dose-response relationship in the presence of alkaloid fraction as a radioprotective agent. The lymphocytes were stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 u g/ml) to label $^3[H]-thymidine.$ Isotope-labelled lymphocytes in suspension were exposed to 100 Gy at $0^{\cdot}C$ in the alkaloid fraction-treated group and elution procedure was performed at PH 9.6. The extents of formation of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks and repair were compared respectively via strand scission factor (SSF) and relative strand scission factor (RSSF). Results: Alkaloid fraction reduced the formation of double strand breaks with dose modification factor of 2 15, compared to control group Rejoining of DNA dsb appeared to take place via two components. The first fast component was completed within 20.4 minutes, but the second slow component was not completed until 220.2 minutes after irradiation. About $30\%$ of dsb formed by irradiation was ultimately unrejoined despite the administration of alkaloid fraction. The administration of alkaloid fraction had a great effect on the second slow component of repair; the half-time of fast component repair was not changed, but that of slow component was 621.8 minutes. Conclusion: Neutral filter elution assay Proved to be a very effective method to quantitate the extents of DNA dsb formation and its repair. By using this technique, we were able to evaluate the efficiency of alkaloid fraction from Korean ginseng as a valuable radioprotector. Alkaloid fraction can be used prophylactically to prevent or ameliorate the severe radiation damages in workers and neighbors around the atomic power plants. For more refined study, however, more advanced purification of alkaloid fraction wil be needed in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.553-561
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• 2020

In this study aims to investigate the radiation protection effect of avocado peel extracts on the Sprague-Dawely rats. 52 male rats were randomly classified into 4 groups. NC Group was a normal control group, PA Group was a group injected avocado peel extracts, IR Group was irradiated group, and lastly PA+IR Group was set as an irradiated group after injected of avocado peel extracts. Avocado peel extract was administered orally at 200 mg/kg once a day for 14 days before irradiation, and the radiation dose was systemically irradiated with 6 MV X-ray of 7 Gy. On the 4 and 21 days after irradiation, the experimental animals were sacrificed to evaluate the change in blood cell composition, spleen index, and histopathological evaluation of the liver and small intestine. As a result, the PA+IR Group showed a significantly greater recovery of lymphocytes(p<0.01), red blood cells(p<0.01), and platelets(p<0.05) than the IR Group. It was also confirmed that the activation of Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) was further increased. Histopathologically, observed that nuclei aggregation and cytoplasmic expansion were slightly reduced in the PA+IR Group in the liver. and the damage was significantly reduce(p<0.01) in the change of villi length due to damage to the small intestine cells. Based on the above results, avocado peel extract can be expected to act as a radiation protection agent that can reduce damage to blood cells and major organs caused by irradiation.