• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.2663-2674
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• 2014

For cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) that use underlay-based spectrum access, the location of the primary user (PU) plays an important role in the power control of the secondary users (SUs), because the SUs must keep the minimum interference level required by the PU. Received signal strength (RSS)-based localization schemes provide low-cost implementation and low complexity, thus it is suitable for the PU localization in CRSNs. However, the RSS-based localization schemes have a high localization error because they use an inexact path loss exponent (PLE). Thus, applying a RSS-based localization scheme into the PU localization would cause a high interference to the PU. In order to reduce the localization error and improve the channel reuse rate, we propose a RSS-based PU localization scheme that uses distance calibration for CRSNs using underlay model-based spectrum access. Through the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed scheme can provide less localization error as well as more spectrum utilization than the RSS-based PU localization using the mean and the maximum likelihood calibration.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2008

유비쿼터스 시대가 다가옴에 따라 핵심 기술 중 하나인 유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 현재 무선 통신 기술의 급속한 발전은 다양한 산업분야에서 편리성 및 용이성 측면에서 새로운 서비스들을 창출하고 있다. 특히, 환경 모니터링 분야에서 다양한 무선 통신 기술의 대두 및 발전은 설치 및 관련 비용의 대폭 절감뿐만 아니라 현장에서 실시간적으로 발생하는 자료의 수집주기, 신뢰성 및 전달성에 있어 획기적인 개선을 가능하게 하였다. 그러나 무선 통신 기술의 환경 모니터링 분야에 대한 지속적인 적용 및 성공은 신뢰할 수 있고 시기적절한 정보를 실시간적으로 제공 가능하느냐에 따를 것이다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권8B호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2008

최근 무선 센서 네트워크(WSN : Wireless Sensor Network)의 에너지 효율성을 높이기 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 제안된 기법들은 일반 센서노드에서 싱크노드로의 직접통신이나 인접 센서노드 간에 발송에너지를 발송거리에 따라 능동조절 가능 등 가정들을 기반으로 하고 있어 이런 기법들은 실제 실현하기 어렵다. 이 논문에서는 모든 센서 노드들은 일정한 전파범위와 데이터 전송률이 유지한다고 가정을 기반으로 다단계 라우팅 기법을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안기법이 기존기법보다 에너지 효율이 향상되었고 또한 실제 무선센서네트워크 적용하기 용이함을 입증하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.4367-4386
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• 2015

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) has shed new light on WSN technologies. MAC protocol issues improving the network performance are important in WSNs because of the increase in demand for various applications to secure spectrum resources. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is regarded as a solution to the problems in this future wireless network. In recent years, energy efficiency has become an issue in CR networks. However, few relevant studies have been conducted. In this paper, an energy-efficient non-overlapping channel MAC (ENC-MAC) for CR-enabled sensor networks (CRSNs) is proposed. Applying the dedicated control channel approach, ENC-MAC allows the SUs to utilize channels in a non-overlapping manner, and thus spectrum efficiency is improved. Moreover, the cooperative spectrum sensing that allows an SU to use only two minislots in the sensing phase is addressed to en-hance energy efficiency. In addition, an analytical model for evaluating the performance, such as saturation throughput, average packet delay, and network lifetime, is developed. It is shown in our results that ENC-MAC remarkably outperforms existing MAC protocols.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1097-1114
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• 2021

The primary objective of this work was to discover a solution for the survival of people in an emergency flood. The geographical information was obtained from remote sensing techniques. Through helpline numbers, people who are in need request support. Although, it cannot be ensured that all the people will acquire the facility. A proper link is required to communicate with people who are at risk in affected areas. Mobile sensor networks with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) self-configurable radios were deployed in damaged areas for communication. Ad-hoc networks do not have a centralized structure. All the mobile nodes deploy a temporary structure and they act as a base station. The mobile nodes are involved in searching the spectrum for channel utilization for better communication. FPGA-based techniques ensure seamless communication for the survivors. Timely help will increase the survival rate. The received signal strength is a vital factor for communication. Cognitive radio ensures channel utilization in an effective manner which results in better signal strength reception. Frequency band selection was carried out with the help of the GRA-MADM method. In this study, an analysis of signal strength for different mobile sensor nodes was performed. FPGA-based implementation showed enhanced outcomes compared to software-based algorithms.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

This article proposes an ultrahigh frequency band radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna for drug runout management that can be used in hospitals. The RFID tag antenna is designed to function as a sensor that alerts drug runout when a drug inside a drip chamber is completely consumed but does not work when a drug remains inside a drop chamber. A previously proposed 915 MHz dipole antenna, is too large to be attached to the drip chamber of a feeding bag. Moreover, the length of the dipole (L) should be increased for conjugate matching with an RFID chip. Therefore, the dipole antenna is downsized so that it can be attached to the drip chamber through a fine meander line structure coupling with a corrugate meander line. A transparent cover is added to enhance the grip force between the designed antenna and the drip chamber and to enable detachment. The dimensions of the completed antenna structure attachable to a drip chamber are 32.59 mm (height) and 13.5 mm (width). The gain reduction due to the decreased antenna length is enhanced. The fabricated antenna shows an average omni-directional read range of 10.65 m on a horizontal plane and has the function of sensing the presence of a drug.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2006

무선통신 및 방송 기술의 발달과 함께 주파수 자원의 효율적 활용에 대한 관심이 더욱 높아지고 있다. 또한 향후 유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크, 이동 및 고정 무선통신, 무선방송 등 다양한 무선 응용 기술들이 혼재된 상황은 주파수 자원의 효율적 이용에 대한 요구를 강화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 무선자원을 능동적으로 인지하여 동적으로 변화하는 사용자의 요구 및 상황에 적합하도록 유휴 무선자원을 지능적으로 활용하는 제반 기술인 Cognitive Radio의 필요성 및 발전 방향과 IEEE 802.22 표준화 진행에 대하여 알아본다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권2D호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2011

유비쿼터스(Ubiquitous)란 사용자가 네트워크나 컴퓨터에 의식하지 않고 장소, 공간, 시간에 상관없이 자유롭게 네트워크에 접속할 수 있는 정보통신 환경을 말하며, 현재 이러한 유비쿼터스 기술을 이용한 첨단도시 및 생태도시 구현이 전 세계적인 화두로 각광받고 있다. 최근 정보산업과 이동통신 기술이 발전함에 따라 주변에 있는 모든 물체에 컴퓨터를 내장하여 서로 네트워크로 연결하고 상호간에 협조와 타협을 해 가면서 인간의 삶에 보이지 않게 컴퓨팅을 제공한다는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅(Ubiquitous Computing)을 개념(M. Weisre, 1993)으로 하여, 무선센서 네트워크 기술 USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network)을 토목, 건축 구조물 같은 사회기반인프라에 적용한 신개념 지능형 구조물과 유지관리기법에 대한 연구가 시도 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 유비쿼터스 무선센서 네트워크의 건설구조물 적용 가능성을 판단하기 위하여 건설구조물에 가장 많이 사용되는 콘크리트와 철근을 변수로 실험체를 제작하여 센서노드의 전파투과성 실험에 대한 기초실험을 실시하였다. 이때 철근의 배근 간격 및 콘크리트의 타설 두께, 송수신기의 RF신호 강도 세기를 변수로 하였으며, 내부에 무선통신 모듈이 장착되었을 때 무근콘크리트의 송수신 가능 거리와 철근 배근 간격별 송수신 가능 거리를 수평, 수직 방향으로 각각 측정하였다. 또한, 변수별 전파의 감쇄를 정확히 측정하기 위하여 스펙트럼 아날라이저(Spectrum Analyzer)를 이용하여 사용주파수대의 전파의 크기를 측정하였다. 전파가 감쇄되는 현상을 수치적으로 분석하였으며, 주파수대역의 특성에 따른 주파수 파장의 영향을 분석 하였다. 이를 통하여, 무선센서의 건설 구조물 적용 가능성을 검토한 그 결과 무근콘크리트의 경우 45cm의 투과 깊이를 보였고, 5cm의 간격으로 배근한 철근콘크리트는 37cm, 15cm 간격은 45cm의 투과 깊이를 보였다. 철근 배근 15cm 이상이 되면 무선통신에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2017

Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location or base-station where the data can be observed and analyzed. Typically a wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes can communicate among themselves using radio signals. A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers and power components. The individual nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are inherently resource constrained: they have limited processing speed, storage capacity, communication bandwidth and limited-battery power. At present time, most of the research on WSNs has concentrated on the design of energy- and computationally efficient algorithms and protocols In order to extend the network life-time, in this paper we are looking into a routing protocol, especially LEACH and LEACH-related protocol. LEACH protocol is a representative routing protocol and improves overall network energy efficiency by allowing all nodes to be selected to the cluster head evenly once in a periodic manner. In LEACH, in case of movement of sensor nodes, there is a problem that the data transmission success rate decreases. In order to overcome LEACH's nodes movements, LEACH-Mobile protocol had proposed. But energy consumption increased because it consumes more energy to recognize which nodes moves and re-transfer data. In this paper we propose the new routing protocol considering nodes' mobility. In order to simulate the proposed protocol, we make a scenario, nodes' movements randomly and compared with the LEACH-Mobile protocol.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2018

Radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag provides several advantages including battery-less operation and low cost, which are suitable for long-term monitoring. This paper presents a self-powered RFID temperature sensor tag for online temperature monitoring in substation. The proposed sensor tag is used to measure and process the temperature of high voltage equipments in substation, and then wireless deliver the data. The proposed temperature sensor employs a novel phased-locked loop (PLL)-based architecture and can convert the temperature sensor in frequency domain without a reference clock, which can significantly improve the temperature accuracy. A two-stage rectifier adopts a series of auxiliary floating rectifier to boost its gate voltage for higher power conversion efficiency. The sensor tag chip was fabricated in TSMC $0.18{\mu}m$ 1P6M CMOS process. The measurement results show that the proposed temperature sensor tag achieve a resolution of $0.15^{\circ}C$/LSB and a temperature error of $-0.6/0.7^{\circ}C$ within the range from $-30^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$. The proposed sensor tag achieves maximum communication distance of 11.8 m.