• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.606-614
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• 2019

A mixing ratio of the oil in water (O/W) emulsion of palm oil and the non-ionic surfactant (Tween-Span type) possessing different hydrophile-lipophilie balance (HLB) values was evaluated in this work. An optimum condition was determined through analysis of main and interaction effects of each quantitative factor using central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). Quantitative factors used by CCD-RSM were an emulsification time, emulsification speed, HLB value and amount of surfactant. On the other hand, the reaction parameters were the viscosity and mean droplet size of O/W emersion. Optimized conditions obtained from CCD-RSM were the emulsification time of 12.7 min, emulsification speed of 5,551 rpm, HLB value of 8.0 and amount of surfactant of 5.7 wt.%. Ideal experimental results under the optimized experimental condition were the viscosity of 1,551 cP and mean droplet size of 432 nm which satisfy the targeted values. The average error value from our actual experiment for verifying the conclusions was below to 2.5%. Therefore, a high favorable level could be obtained when the CCD-RSM was applied to the optimized palm oil to water emulsification.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2021

In this study, the adsorption decolorization process of sea buckthorn oil was carried out to verify the possibility of the sea buckthorn oil as a natural UV absorber. The optimization was carried out by using the central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The response values of CCD-RSM were selected as the decolorization effect through the process, acid value after decolorization, and UV absorbance of the decolored oil at 290nm. The amount of adsorbent, temperature and time were selected as the process variables for the experiments. According to the results of CCD-RSM, the results of optimization were all consistent. The optimal conditions, which satisfy CCD-RSM statically and mathematically, were 4.32 wt.%, 134.90 ℃, and 19.8 min for the amount of adsorbent, temperature and time, respectively. The estimated response values expected under these optimal conditions values were 94.78%, 2.08 mg/g KOH, and 2.91 for the decolorization effect, acid value and UV absorbance at 290 nm, respectively. Also the average error from actual experiment for verifying the conclusions was smaller than 2%. Therefore, it was confirmed that the application of CCD-RSM to the adsorption decolorization process of sea buckthorn oil showed a very high level of acceptable results and that the sea buckthorn oil has high possibility to be used as a natural UV absorber.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1345-1353
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary rapeseed meal (RSM) on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility and economic benefit of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs ($[Yorkshire{\times}Landrace]{\times}Duroc$) with an initial body weight (BW) $29.94{\pm}0.06kg$ were used in this experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted into 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design and 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. Treatments were divided by dietary RSM supplementation levels (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12%) in growing-finishing diets. A linear decrease (p<0.05) of BW and average daily gain (ADG) were observed at 13th wk of finishing and overall periods of pigs. Additionally, gain-to-feed ratio (G/F) tended to decrease by dietary RSM supplementation in growing-finishing diets (linear, p = 0.07 and quadratic, p = 0.08). Concentrations of serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine were not influenced by dietary RSM treatments whereas thyroid gland and liver weight were increased at 13th wk of finishing period (linear, p<0.05; p<0.01) by increasing dietary RSM supplementation level. In blood profiles, serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not differed by dietary treatments at 13th wk of finishing period whereas concentration of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol was affected by the supplementation level of RSM, resulting in a linear RSM level responses (p<0.05). Serum blood urea nitrogen concentration tended to decrease (linear, p = 0.07; p = 0.08) at 6th wk of growing and 13th wk of finishing periods and digestibility of dry matter tended to decrease by dietary RSM (linear, p = 0.09). Crude protein, crude fat and nitrogen retention, whereas, were not affected by dietary RSM supplementation level. In the economic analysis, feed cost per weight gain was numerically decreased when RSM was provided up to 9%. Consequently, RSM could be supplemented to growing-finishing diets up to 9% ($3.07{\mu}mol/g\;Gls$) without detrimental effects on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2008

response surface method (RSM) is widely used to evaluate th e extremely smal probability of ocurence or toanalyze the reliability of very complicated structures. Althoug h Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique can evaluate any system, the procesing time of MCS dependson the reciprocal num ber of the probability of failure. The stochastic finite element method could solve thislimitation. However, it is limit ed to the specific program, in which the mean and coeficient o f random variables are programed by a perturbation or by a weigh ted integral method. Therefore, it is not aplicable when erequisite programing. In a few number of stage analyses, RSM can construct a regresion model from the response of the c omplicated structural system, thus, saving time and efort significantly. However, the acuracy of RSM depends on the dist ance of the axial points and on the linearity of the limit stat e functions. To improve the convergence in exact solution regardl es of the linearity limit of state functions, an improved adaptive response surface method is developed. The analyzed res ults have ben verified using linear and quadratic forms of response surface functions in two examples. As a result, the be st combination of the improved RSM techniques is determined and programed in a numerical code. The developed linear adapti ve weighted response surface method (LAW-RSM) shows the closest converged reliability indices, compared with quadratic form or non-adaptive or non-weighted RSMs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.6/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW0.6/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP). Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW0.6/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)-25.24 (n = 8, R2 = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)-0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R2 = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable. Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2017

A total of 112 crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of $27.98{\pm}1.28kg$ were used to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with rapeseed meal (RSM) as a source of protein on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs. The pigs were blocked and stratified based on BW into one of four dietary treatments in a 6-week trial. Each treatment consisted of 7 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Treatments were 1) maize-SBM based diet, 2) diet containing 2% RSM, 3) diet containing 4% RSM, and 4) diet containing 6% RSM. Supplementation with RSM resulted in no differences in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and noxious gas emission, as compared with SBM supplementation during the experimental period (p > 0.05). Pigs fed with increased dietary RSM (0, 2, 4, and 6% of feed) had linear decreases in average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.010) and nitrogen digestibility (p = 0.036) and a linear increase in blood creatinine concentration. In conclusion, RSM fed pigs had no detrimental effects on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and fecal noxious gas emissions, as compared with SBM fed pigs. Thus, RSM is a good alternative to SBM as a protein source in growing pigs' diets.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.993-1009
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of RSM-based astronomical observation program about Astronomical Spatial Concept and Self-Directed Learning for the Scientific Gifted Students. For this purpose, this research developed RSM-based astronomical observation program. This program was totally consisted 10 lessen. there was 3 part in this program. It contained Preparation Stage (step 1-2), Observation Stage (step 3-8), Clean up Stage (step 9-10). To find the effects of RSM-based astronomical observation program on Astronomical Spatial Concept and Self-Directed Learning for Scientific Gifted Students. 20 participants was selected. these students were attended at a scientific gifted class(5th grade) of an elementary school located in Ulsan. First, Astronomical Spatial Concept was used to find the effect of the Astronomical Observation program based RSM. And the results were analyzed by SPSSWIN 18.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, RSM-based astronomical observation program was a positive effects on Astronomical Spatial Concept of the Scientific Gifted Students (t=3,875, p=.001). Second, RSM-based astronomical observation program was a positive effects on Self-Directed Learning of the Scientific Gifted Students (t=5.783, p=.000). According to this research, RSM-based astronomical observation program was verified to improve Astronomical Spatial Concept and Self-Directed Learning on the Scientific Gifted Students. It will be contribute on the curriculum construction of the gifted school or gifted class.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2005

This paper presents an implementation of high performance control of a reluctance synchronous motor (RSM) using a neural network with a direct torque control. The equivalent circuit in a RSM, which considers iron losses, is theoretically analyzed. Also, the optimal current ratio between torque current and exiting current is analytically derived. In the case of a RSM, unlike an induction motor, torque dynamics can only be maintained by controlling the flux level because torque is directly proportional to the stator current. The neural network is used to efficiently drive the RSM. The TMS320C3l is employed as a control driver to implement complex control algorithms. The experimental results are presented to validate the applicability of the proposed method. The developed control system shows high efficiency and good dynamic response features for a 1.0 [kW] RSM having a 2.57 ratio of d/q.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2005

This paper presents an implementation of efficiency optimization of reluctance synchronous motor (RSM) using a neural network (NN) with a direct torque control (DTC). The equipment circuit considered with iron losses in RSM is analyzed theoretically, and the optimal current ratio between torque current and exiting current component are derived analytically. For the RSM driver, torque dynamic can be maintained with DTC using TMS320F2812 DSP Controller even with controlling the flux level because a torque is directly proportional to the stator current unlike induction motor. In order to drive RSM at maximum efficiency and good dynamics response, the Backpropagation Neural Network is adapted. The experimental results are presented to validate the applicability of the proposed method. The developed control system show high efficiency and good dynamic response features with 1.0 [kW] RSM having 2.57 inductance ratio of d/q.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 2002

Numerical simulation is performed for stagnating turbulent flows of impinging and countercurrent jets by the Reynolds stress model(RSM). Results are compared with those of the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model and available data to assess the flow characteristics and turbulence modes. Three variants of the RSM tested are those of Gibson and Launder(GL), Craft and Launder(GL-CL) and Speziale, Sarkar and Gatski(SSG). As well known, the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model overestimates turbulent kinetic energy near the wall significantly. Although the RSM is superior to the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model, it shows considerable difference according to how the redistributive pressure-strain term is modeled. Results of the RSM for countercurrent jets are improved with the modified coefficients for the dissipation rate, $C_{{\varepsilon}1}\;and\;C_{{\varepsilon}2}$ suggested by Champion and Libby. The performance of the three variants of the RSM model for stagnating flows are assessed.