• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2001

The essential oils from the aerial parts of Tagetes minuta L. from two different locations in Korea were obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.52%(Goheung, Chonnam) and 0.48% yields(Puan, Chonbuk) as a dry weight base, respectively. A total of 69 components, accounting in 94.7% and 92.1% of the oil, respectively were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis and comparison of retention indices with those of authentic compounds. The main components in both samples(Goheung, Chonnam and Puan, Chonbuk) were limonene(5.83% and 6.41%, respectively), $cis-{\beta}-ocimene$ (4.87% and 47.73%), dihydrotagetone(14.78% and 52.83%), trans-tagetone(0.64% and 2.99%), cis-tagetone(1.13% and 2.50%), trans-tagetenone(1.15% and 11.45%) and cis-tagetenone(0.69% and 1.41 %). Although these components were present in both samples, the results showed large differences in the percentage composition of these components.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Deep neural networks(DNN), which are used as approximation functions in reinforcement learning (RN), theoretically can be attributed to realistic results. In empirical benchmark works, time difference learning (TD) shows better results than Monte-Carlo learning (MC). However, among some previous works show that MC is better than TD when the reward is very rare or delayed. Also, another recent research shows when the information observed by the agent from the environment is partial on complex control works, it indicates that the MC prediction is superior to the TD-based methods. Most of these environments can be regarded as 5-step Q-learning or 20-step Q-learning, where the experiment continues without long roll-outs for alleviating reduce performance degradation. In other words, for networks with a noise, a representative network that is regardless of the controlled roll-outs, it is better to learn MC, which is robust to noisy rewards than TD, or almost identical to MC. These studies provide a break with that TD is better than MC. These recent research results show that the way combining MC and TD is better than the theoretical one. Therefore, in this study, based on the results shown in previous studies, we attempt to exploit a random balance with a mixture of TD and MC in RL without any complicated formulas by rewards used in those studies do. Compared to the DQN using the MC and TD random mixture and the well-known DQN using only the TD-based learning, we demonstrate that a well-performed TD learning are also granted special favor of the mixture of TD and MC through an experiments in OpenAI Gym.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.949-954
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• 2006

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important crop, accounting for 48% of the world market in oil crops. Improvement of the quality and quantity of soybean seed constituents is one of the most important objectives in soybean breeding. Protein content and seed size are important properties to determine the quality of tofu and soy sprouts respectively. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control seed weight, protein and oil content in soybean. The 117 $F_{2:10}$ recombinant inbred lines (RlL) developed from a cross of 'Keunolkong' and 'Shinpaldalkong' were used. Narrow-sense heritability estimates based on a plot mean on seed weight, protein and oil content were 0.8, 0.78 and 0.71, respectively. Four independent QTLs for seed weight were identified from linkage group (LG) F, I and K. Five QTL for protein content were located on LG D1b, E, H, I and L. Oil content was related with six QTLs located on LG D1b, E, G, I, J and N. Protein and oil content have three common QTLs on LG D1b, E and I. Thus, we identified major loci improving soybean seed quality.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.46-57
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• 1999

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is important medicinal plant but requires 4-year cultivation for root harvest because of slow growth. In contrast, ginseng callus and hairy roots grow vigorously and may Produce the same or more biologically active compounds for human health than natural ginseng roots. Therefore, ginseng callus and hairy roots can be used for commercial purposes. Polyacetylene, one of anti-cancer compounds in ginseng, was not detected in the callus cultured on the medium containing 2, 4-B, but cells derived from the callus growth was excellent, The ginseng calli cultured on the medium containing 2mg11 CPA and 0.05mg/1 BA was grown vigorously and produced panaxydol, one of ginseng polyacetylene. The biosynthesis of polyacetylene in callus was not affected by addition of NAA and sucrose in media. The SH medium was better than the MS medium for ginseng callus growth and biosynthesis of panaxydol. Another ginseng anti-cancer compounds, ginsenoside-Rg$_3$, Rh$_1$and Rh$_2$ were detected in ginseng hairy roots by heat treatment. Those of Panax ginseng were obtained after root disks of three-year old roots were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes Rl000 $A_4$T in dark condition after one month of culture. The optimum growth of hairy roots was achieved in the culture of 1/2 MS liquid medium in dark(22$^{\circ}C$) under 60 rpm gyratory shaking. Hairy roots grew well in 5 ι Erlenmeyer flasks, 1ι roller drums, 10ι jar-fermenters, and especially in 20ι air-lift .culture vessels. All heat treatments had remarkably different ginsenoside contents. Eleven ginsenosides were determined in heat treatment, eight in freeze dried hairy roots. Contents of ginsenoside-Rbl , Rb2, Rc, Rd. Re, Rf, and Rg$_1$tested in all heat treatments were less than those of freeze dried hairy roots. Contents of glnsenoside-Rg$_2$ in heat treatment for 1 hour at 105$^{\circ}C$ was 4.92mg/g dry wt, 3.9 times higher than 1.27 mg/g dry wt of freeze dried hairy roots. The optimum condition of heat treatment for the production of ginsenoside-Rg$_3$and Rhl was 2 hours at 105$^{\circ}C$, and ginsenoside content was 2.58mg/g dry wt and 3.62mg/g dry wt, respectively. The production of ginsenoside-Rh2 was the highest in heat treatment for 2 hours at 105$^{\circ}C$ among treatments examined, and ginsenoside-Rh$_2$content was 1.08mg/g dry wt.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1991

The crystal structure of an acetylene sorption complex of vacuum dehydrated fully Cda+ _exchanged zeolite A has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered by counter method. The structure was solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 294(1) K, a=12.202(3) A and Z=1. We crystal was prepared by dehydration at 723 K and 2.67×104 Pa for 2 days, followed by exposure to 1.60×104 Pa of acetylene gas at 298(1) K. All six Cd2+ions per unit cell are associated with 6-oxgen rings of the aluminosilicate framework. They are distributed over two distinguished threefold axes of unit cell; two of these Cd2+ ions are recessed 0.694 into the sodalite unit from (111) plane of three 0(3)'s and each approaches three framework oxides; the other four Cd2+ ions extend approximately 0.586A into the large cavity. The four Cd2+ ions are in a near tetrahedral environment, 2.220(9)A from·three framework oxide ions and 2.74(7) A from each carbon atom of an acetylene molecule(which is here counted as a monodentate ligand). Full matrix least squares refinement converged to the final error indices R1=0.093 and R2=0.105 using the 292 independent reflections for which I>3σ(I).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.641-647
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• 1997

Volatile flavor components in whole edible portion, stem and leaf of fresh angelica (Angelica keiskei Koidz) were extracted by SDE (simultaneous steam distillation and extraction) method using the mixture of n-pentane and diethylether (1:1, v/v) as an extract solvent and analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Identification of the volatile flavor components in aroma concentrate was mostly based on the RI of GC and mass spectrum of GC/MS. Twenty five hydrocarbons, 15 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 6 esters, 2 ketones and 1 acid were identified in the whole edible portion of angelica. Twenty hydrocarbons, 13 alcohols, 4 esters and 1 acid were identified in the stem sample of angelica. Nineteen hydrocarbons, 11 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 6 esters, 2 ketones and 1 acid were identified in the leaf sample of angelica. ${\gamma}-Terpinene$, germacrene B, ${\delta}-3-carene$, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, ${\gamma}-muurolene$ and ${\gamma}-elemene$ were the main components in each edible portions of angelica. The terpenoid compounds in volatile flavor components identified from whole edible portion, stem and leaf samples were confirmed as 75.76%, 86.42% and 78.21%, respectively. These results suggest that terpenoid compounds have a great effect on the flavor characteristics of angelica.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2002

The previous studies showed that rumen microorganisms had an enhanced waste-degrading capability and controlling the dilution rate was very effective in improving acidification efficiency. Generally the composition of food waste has a small deviation value, but one of the waste components (grains, vegetables or meats) can be increased dramatically depending on a seasonal variation. Thus, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of acidogenic fermentation in this case. Each component was spiked to be 80% of the total waste in R1 (grains), R2(vegetables), and R3 (meats). In Rl, rapid degradation occurred during the initial two days. R2 showed similar performance to that of general food waste. In R3, degradation retarded in the initial stage and then increased after controlling the dilution rate. The acidification efficiencies of the reactors were 88.7 (R1), 73.5 (R2), and 62.1% (R3), respectively. Therefore, the fermentation efficiency was kept over 62% regardless of waste components, indicating that it was stable to acidify food waste by employing rumen microorganisms and controlling the dilution rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2008

Chemical properties of barley leaf were investigated using different drying methods. Moisture contents of barley leaf were 75.22%, 7.54%, 2.57%, 6.74% and 8.91% for samples dried using raw, hot-air dryer, freeze dryer, shade dryer, vacuum freeze dryer and microwave dryer, respectively. Mineral contents were high Ca, Mg, Na, P, and K in barley leaf regardless of drying methods. Organic acid contents were oxalic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid with no differences between drying methods. Contents of vitamin C were 142.56 mg%, 629.23 mg%, 598.48 mg%, 657.62 mg% and 724.34 mg% for samples using raw, hot-air dryer, freeze dryer, shade dryer, vacuum freeze dryer and microwave dryer, respectively. Chlorophyll contents of barley leaf dried by hot-air dryer and shade dryer were higher than in that of freeze dryer and microwaves dryer. b-values were lower in freeze dryer than in that of other dried methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1985

Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 with two different levels of inoculum sizes ($10^2$ and $10^6$ spores) was studied on such varieties of soybeans produced in Korea as Bongeui, Hwang Keum, Jangbaek, Danyeop, Jangyeop and Namcheon. With the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores/10 g of soybeans, there were statistically difference (p<0.05) on the production of aflatoxins in the varieties of soybeans. The variety of Namcheon produced 7 times higher amount of aflatoxin $B_1$ than that of Bongeui. The variety of Jangyeop produced the highest level of aflatoxin $G_1$ among the varieties employed. Namcheon and Jangyeop were the varieties which supported high amounts of aflatoxins. Much higher levels of aflatoxins were obtained on the soybeans than on rice in general with the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores. With the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores/10 g of soybeans, significantly lower levels of aflatoxins were synthesized by the mold than those with $10^2$ spores. The variety of Namcheon resulted in the lowest production of aflatoxin $B_1$ while Hwangkeum was the variety that produced highest amount of aflatoxin $B_1$. There were no significant differences within the varieties on the production of aflatoxin $G_1$ by the mold except the variety of Hwangkeum. Lower quantities of aflatoxin $B_1$ were produced by the mold en the soybeans than on rice with the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.513-522
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• 2008

The fiber dispersion performance in fiber-reinforced cementitious composites is a crucial factor with respect to achieving desired mechanical performance. However, evaluation of the fiber dispersion performance in the composite PVA-ECC (Polyvinyl alcohol-Engineered Cementitious Composite) is extremely challenging because of the low contrast of PVA fibers with the cement-based matrix. In the present work, an enhanced fiber detection technique is developed and demonstrated. Using a fluorescence technique on the PVA-ECC, PVA fibers are observed as green dots in the cross-section of the composite. After capturing the fluorescence image with a Charged Couple Device (CCD) camera through a microscope. The fibers are more accurately detected by employing a series of process based on a categorization, watershed segmentation, and morphological reconstruction.