• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.98-106
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• 2002

This study was designed to present a river model with the aim of restoring the ecosystem and improving the landscape along the urban rivers on the basin of the Namhanl river, a core life channel for the National Capital regin. The revelation of botanical status, transition trend and correlation of plants might lead to providing the urban river restoration projects and ecological river formation projects with basic data for a model of ideal aquatic ecology and landscape. The outcomes of this study could be summed up as follows: 1. The plant communities of river flora found on the basin of the Namhan river could be categorized largely into 39 plant communities 2. Most diverse plants were distributed in the rivers lower reaches such as Unsim-ri where the protected zone of Paldang reservoir for city water borders the body of Jodae swamp where natural streams flow nearby. 3. One of the greatest threats to the biomass of the River Namhan is that the communities of such invasive alien plants as Panicum dichotomiflorum and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior dominate most parts of the area, a fact that has resulted in a reduced variety of plants and will, sooner or later, be likely to cause an ecological imbalance in the hitherto healthy Aquatic plant life. It is highly advisable to gradually diversify the species of trees and to return the plants bark to their original state since, besides the naturalized plants, plantations afforested with Erigeron canadensis and Erigeron annuus stocks in buckwheat field, Robinia Pseudo-accacia in riverside forest, Pinus rigida in terrestrial forest on the river basin and Larix leptolepis are anticipated to act as interceptors of normal migrations of the fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, it seems also desirable to continue to explore the relationship between fluvial and terrestrial ecologies with the purpose of building up a model of natural streams in urban areas based on the surveyed factors for plant life, soil and landscape and, moreover, on the forecasting for overall influences derived from the rotation upon the ecosystem.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.281-289
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• 2017

Background: In this study, the growth and reproductive response of seedlings, grown in plastic pots with sand, to moisture and nutrients were analyzed in order to study the environmental conditions required to create an alternative habitat for Epilobium hirsutum L., an endangered plant. Results: Vegetative and reproductive growths of Epilobium hirsutum L. are accelerated with increase in moisture and organic matter content in the soil. Among vegetative organs, the number of runners related to asexual reproduction was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 7 and 14% in the soil. But the number of flowers related to flowering responses, among reproductive organs, was the highest when the moisture content was maintained at 75% and when nutrient content was 21% in the soil. The number of seeds, related to sexual reproduction, was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 14 and 21%. Conclusions: The study results show that a place with high moisture and nutrient content in the soil is advantageous to asexual and sexual reproduction of Epilobium hirsutum L. Therefore, we must serve periodically nutrient and seeds to sustain population in in situ conservation. Furthermore, it is advisable to create in riverside where abundant nutrient content have, making alternative habitat of Epilobium hirsutum L. Also, we must find species that have high contribution degree index through vegetation survey.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.762-770
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• 2016

This study intended to investigate environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of the Korean endemic species, Syringa fauriei. Syringa fauriei is mainly distributed along the valley and riverside of the Gangwondo and its population is located at an elevation of 121~520m. Consequent to a vegetation survey within natural populations, a total of 320 taxa were identified from 20 quadrates in 4 natural populations. The Syringa fauriei population was classified into Securinega suffruticosa dominant population, Acer pseudosieboldianum dominant population, Amorpha fruticosa dominant population and Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila dominant population. According to the physical and chemical soil analysis, Syringa fauriei habitats contained 1.98~2.81% of organic matter and 0.13~0.20 mg/kg of total nitrogen. The concentrations of cation exchange capacities $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were $0.10{\sim}0.33cmol^+/kg$, $3.44{\sim}20.53cmol^+/kg$, and $0.34{\sim}0.95cmol^+/kg$, respectively. Positive ion substitution capacity was $8.08{\sim}13.68cmol^+/kg$. The pH was 6.28~7.74. The importance value of Deutzia glabrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum, Syringa fauriei, Juglans mandshurica, and Salix koreensis in the Syringa fauriei population were 86.99%, 43.97%, 23.01%,18.52, 18.40%, and 11.56%, respectively. Correlation analysis between the vegetation of Syringa fauriei populations and its environmental factors using DCCA revealed that the altitude above sea level and $Mg^{2+}$ were the most influential factors, while dominant populations of Securinega suffruticosa and Acer pseudosieboldianum were spread across areas with high percentages of pH, CEC, and $Mg^{2+}$. Acer pseudosieboldianum population was dispersed in areas with higher $K^+$ compared to Securinega suffruticosa population. The dominant population of Amorpha fruticosa was found to live in places with high altitudes above sea level and with high rates of available phosphate, $K^+$, and rock-exposure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.14-30
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• 2020

This study focuses on the fact that pictorial maps in the late Joseon Dynasty were conceptual diagrams with the place names perceived by the people at the time of their production. In this regard, targeting on five pictorial maps, the humanistic landscape characteristics of Pyongyang, which had cultural identities such as a historically old, commercial, and Pungnyu(appreciation for the arts) city, were derived as follows. First, the historic legitimacy of Pyongyang Castle was represented by ritual and religious facilities. They include 'Dangunjeon' and 'Gijagung' related to the nation founder, 'Munmujeong': the remains of Goguryeo, 'Sajikdan' & 'Pyongyanggangdan': the place of the national rites, Hyanggyo and Seowon: education & rite functions, Buddhism and Taoist facilities, 'Yongsindang', 'Sanshindang', and 'Jesindan': folk religion facilities. Gija-related facilities, which became symbols of Pyongyang due to the importance of Small-Sinocentrism and Gija dignity tendency, were distributed throughout Pyongyang Castle though, the facilities related to King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo and the spaces of religion praying for blessings are spread in Bukseong and on the riverside of Daedonggang each. Second, as a Pyongando Province's economic center, Pyongyang's commercial landscape was represented by logistics and transportation facilities. The Daedonggang River, which was in charge of transportation functions, had many decks such as 'Yangmyeongpo', 'Cheongryongpo' and 'Waeseongjin' and bridges, such as 'Yeongjegyo' and 'Gangdonggyo', which connected major transportation routes. The road network was created in Oeseong area to facilitate logistics transportation and management, and many warehouses named after the jurisdiction of Pyongyangbu were distributed near the roads and Provincial Offices of the main gates. In addition, it was characterized by the urban area systematically divided with hierarchical roads, 'Bukjangnim' of willow trees planted on the main entrance roads of Pyongyang Castle, a linear landscape created by 'Simnijangnim' consisting of mixed forests with elm trees. Third, Pungnyu City is realized by the distribution of amusement facilities. The riverside of Daedonggang adjacent to Naeseong exhibits characteristics of artificial landscape such as a canal leading to the inside of the castle, a docking facility with embankments, and a port with cargo ships anchored. However, Bukseong of the natural surroundings had numerous pavilions and platforms such as 'Bubyeongnu', 'Eulmildae', 'Choeseungdae', 'Jebyeokjeong' and engraved letters such as 'Cheongnyubyeok', 'Jangbangho'. 'Osunjeong', 'Byeogwolji', 'Banwolji' near 'Sachang', and 'Aeryeondang', built on the island of a square pond, created waterscape in Naeseong invisible from the Daedonggang, and for practical purposes, ponds and repeated willow vegetation landscape related to Gija were placed in the western rampart of Jungseong. In addition, 'Seonyeondong', a cemetery of Gisaeng, located near by Chilseongmun, was used as poem titles and themes by literary people, contributing to the creation of the Pungnyu image of Pyongyang.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.6 s.111
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• pp.694-715
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• 2005

I examine in this paper the change of land use and the development of desertification in Horqin desert, east Inner Mongolia, China. The change of land use in this area can be summarized as the increase of agricultural field and intensive livestock farming. The agriculture and livestock farming in semi-arid area such as Horqin desert raised the problem in the management and use of water and vegetation. This problem led to desertification. The types of development of desertification in this area could be classified as follows: the mobile sand dune extension, the riverside shifting sand flat extension, the shifting sand speck extension around settlements, and the shifting sand speck extension in agricultural Held and grassland. There have been political or social movements such as the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and the Reform and Open Policy in the background of land use change and desertification. Specially, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution played an important role in the land use change and desertification in this area. Since 1990s, there has been some kind of policy in the control of desertification. However, it is necessary for the controling desertification of this area to consider the globalization and marketization, the survival and profit of peasants and livestock farmers, and the disturbrd and fixed population and land use structure in this area since 1949.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2014

After the modern industrial revolution, rivers in cities became covered and disappeared due to the pressure to develop them. Likewise, their function which is to serve as the basis of natural ecology system in the cities began to be damaged. This research demonstrated that there are a total of 268 categories when it comes to the list of plants, including 64 families, 179 genera, 230 species, 36 varieties, and 1 subspecies. When the relative abundance of the plants that were found at the target research site was studied, the secondary survey demonstrated Bromus japonicus 22.97, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis 16.76 and Erigeron annuus 15.69 while third survey demonstrated Digitaria ciliaris 26.78, Ambrosia trifida 16.29 and Aster pilosus 14.31. There were 54 species of naturalized plants that appeared. Analysis demonstrated annual plant 23 classification category (43%), perennial 11 classification category (20%), multi-perennation 17 classification category (31%), woody plant 3 classification category (6%) and others. When the naturalized plants that were found at the target research site were analyzed by the place of origin, North America and EU took up 76%, which accounts for 3/4 of the all the naturalized plants. At the target research site, naturalization degree of 5 pertained to 22 classification category (41%), which was the highest, followed by 19 classification category (35%) with naturalization degree of 3, 8 classification category (15%) with naturalization degree of 2 and 5 classification category (9%) with naturalization degree of 4 in the order mentioned. Flora of Jungnangcheon did not manifest any change compared to 10 years ago. Thus, it is necessary to increase of biodiversity efforts to improve SeoulCity's natural environment and cityscape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-154
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• 2012

This study was launched to verify the effective composition of plant species and its management program most suited for the dredged soiled area near Nakdong River Site 14. The improvement methods of planting base and the composition of plants such as silver grass, reed, and some colonies in aesthetic effect were studied. To search the management methods to decrease the confining pressure risen from the burried seeds which would consequently harm the previously seeded plants, experimental construction process was measured on the site. The purpose of this experiment was to figure out which part of the improvement on the plant base has the most significant effect for the revegetation of infertile, dredged soil, to verify the easily seeded, developing plants among seeded plants, and finally, to find the restoration model using plants near the dredged soil around riverside. 8 seeded plants and 23 invaded species were appeared which among the emerged plants, development of Aster yomena MAKINO, Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel, Trifolium repens L, and Dianthus longicalyx Miq were proved to be brought up well. Difference risen from the seed composition were not noticeable until 150day since the germination was proceeded mainly by Aster yomena MAKINO. The experimental plot with dredging sand+organic fertilizer method of construction and dredging sand+soil conditioner method showed most development while the effect of the plot with only the soil base of dredging sand stayed low. Another important method for the management of infertile, dredged soil base would be the removal of disturbing species which the experiment showed the tied relationship between the removal of disturbing species and development of seeding plants. Although this study was carried out focused on the Nakdong River Project, the study suggests the general management program that the removal of disturbing species such as Humulus japonicus Sieboid & Zucc. and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi in times around rainy season(60days after seedling) would be effective for the easy growth of revegetation plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.493-512
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data necessary for establishing a vegetation management plan for the Yeongcheon River area by presenting a better understanding of the distribution and characteristics of naturalized plants through an investigation of the flora present in the Yeongcheon riverside, in Jinju, South Korea. Vascular plants were investigated for a total of 470 taxa, including 90 families, 282 genera, 425 species, one sub-species, 38 varieties, and six forms. Together, these accounted for 9.62% of the vascular plants (4,881 species) in Korea. Gramineae was the most abundant at 77 taxa (16.38%), followed by Cyperaceae at 56 taxa (11.91%), Leguminosae at 33 taxa (7.02%), Cyperaceae at 25 taxa (5.32%), and Rosaceae at 22 taxa (4.86%). Thirty species of indicator plants were surveyed and, among them, annual plants and hemicryptophytes accounted for a significantpercentage. Among ground plants, trees, shrubs, and sub-shrubs were surveyed to include 23 (4.89%), 17 (3.61%), and 14 taxa (2.97%), respectively. Furthermore, 36 aquatic plant taxa were found. Six rare plant taxa were surveyed including Penthorum chinense, Melothria japonica, Aristolochia contorta, Acorus calamus, Millettia japonica, and Magnolia kobus. Floristic special plants comprised 35 taxa,including 26 families, 34 genera, 34 species, and one variety. Plants endemic to Korea included six species. Naturalized plant species comprised 71 taxa, including 18 families, 53 genera, 68 species, and three varieties. The naturalization rate and urbanization index were 15.1% and 22.1%, respectively. Ecological disturbance species in Korea comprised nine taxa, including four families, eight genera, eight species, and one variety. These groups accounted for 64% of the ecological disturbance species in Korea. Ecological disturbance species in Korea tended to increase toward the downstream of Yeongcheon River. In particular, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sicyos angulatus, which cause human allergies and disrupt the habitats of plants and animals, must be removed artificially.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2023

This study was attempted to find out how the ecological niche and interspecies relationship of Quercus aliena and Q. serrata, which are the main constituents of potential natural vegetation along the riverside of mountains in Korea, under climate change conditions. To this end, soil moisture and soil nutrients were treated with 4 grad ients under climate change conditions with elevated CO₂ and temperature, plants we re harvested at the end of the growing season, growth responses of traits were measured, ecological niche breadth and overlap were calculated, and it was compared with that of the control group(ambient condition). In addition, the relationship between the two species was analyzed by principal component analysis using trait values. As a result, the ecological niche breadth of Q. aliena was wider than that of Q. serrata under the moisture environment conditions under climate change. Under nutrient conditions, the ecological niche of the two species were similar. In addition, the ecological overlap for soil moisture of Q. aliena and Q. serrata was wider than the soil nutrient gradient under climate change. The species with traits in which the increase in ecological niche breadth due to climate change occurred more than the decrease was Q. aliena in both water and nutrient gradients. And in the responses of the population level, due to climate change, the adaptability of Q. aliena was higher than that of Q. serrata under the soil moisture condition, but the two species were similar under the nutrient condition. These results mean that the competition between the two species occurs more severely in the water environment under climate change conditions, and at that time, Q. aliena has higher adaptability than Q. serrata.