• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.81-92
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• 2019

This study was conducted to establish vegetation structure characteristics and vegetation management plan of the cultural landscape forests located around Unmun Temple in Cheongdo-gun and to provide the basic data needed to manage the cultural landscape forests. The landscape characteristics are analyzed in two perspectives including the landscape as viewed from inside and outside of Unmun Temple and eight landscape views are selected. Main views are Pinus densiflora forest and Abies holophylla forest around Unmun Temple. As a result of the survey of existing vegetation around Cheongdo-gun Unmun Temple, P. densiflora forests and P. densiflora-A. holophylla forests are widely distributed, occupying 79.2% of the forest. The plant community structure was classified into seven types according to the three topographic characteristics, flat forests, slope forests, and lower forests, Which were divided into a total of 30 survey plots and the average relative importance percentage was determined. The P. densiflora community on the flat are dominated by Carpinus tschonoskii in Under-canopy. The P. densiflora-A. holophylla community on the flat had a relatively high rate of domination in the shrubs. There were no competing species for the A. holophylla community on the plat. The large standard P. densiflora and the small standard P. densiflora were expected to be confined by P. serrulata var. pubescens and the Quercus variabilis on the slopes. The managed P. densiflora community had a relatively high rate of P. densiflora domination in the shrubs. The P. densiflora community on the lowland was dominated by Styrax japonicus and P. serrulata var. pubescens. The Shannon species diversity index was 0.2360 to 1.4088. The results of the correlation analysis with P. densiflora, A. holophylla and other species were P. densiflora had negative correlation with Acer mono, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Zelkova serrata and A. holophylla, and A. holophylla have negative correlation with S. japonicus and P. densiflora. Landscape characteristics and plant community structures are analyzed to propose management methods of maintaining and restoring The P. densiflora and A. holophylla cultural forest landscapes around Unmun Temple.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.589-601
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of $Pat-juk$(red beans porridge), $Jat-juk$(pine-nut porridge) and $Tarak-juk$(milk porridge) in cooking books published after Korean modern era, approximately from late 19th century to the present. We analyzed 11 historical cook books were analyzed. It is found that the amount of red beans used for $Pat-juk$ was the same or more than that of rice but never less than rice. Only one cook book suggested sugar as seasoning for final taste, but all the other cook books mentioned salt for final taste. $Hangukeumat$(1987) suggested the method for obtaining optimum color for $Pat-juk$. After smashing and passing through the cooked red beans, collecting the red bean water to boil first and then adding the passed through red beans to boil together, in which rice will be added the last to be boiled. For $Jat-juk$, the ratio of the amount of pine-nut and rice were varied among cook books that the amount of pine-nut can be more, same or less than rice. $Jat-juk$ can have salty or sweet, so sugar, honey or salt were used for final seasoning. Pine-nut and rice were cooked together or cooked successively depending on cook books. The changes in cooking procedures of $Tarak-juk$ were the portion of milk used and the method of preparing rice before making the porridge. Firstly, the portion of milk increased over time. $Tarak-juk$ can be also tasting both sweet or salty, so sugar or salt was used for final seasoning. Secondly, two method of preparing rice were found; one is that rice was ground after soaking in water and the other is that rice was ground and toasted before putting into the porridge. When the ground rice was toasted, the milk was added with water at the same time because the cooking time of the porridge with toasted rice was shortened so that the milk could be added earlier than the other method without the risk of sticking on the bottom of the pot. In further studies, the cooking procedures used in the previous period of the late 19th century should be examined. Also after restoring all the cooking methods suggested in cook books, the comparison of the sensorial and nutritional value needs to be carried out for applying or reinventing new recipe for food industry.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.320-327
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• 2016

Intertidal zone has been restored by the Sihwa Lake tidal power plant is operating in 2012. After restoration, to check the difference of bird group's community change out, the examination has been carried out from 2009 to 2014 when sea dike sluicer runs, the intertidal zone area was increased to $20.3km^2$ after restoring in $5.3km^2$. There was no significant difference in the number of individuals congestion of the whole, but the results of analysis of the differences between the six bird group by number of individuals, it showed a significant difference in Diving ducks(p = 0.237) the Herons (p<0.001), Swans and Geese (p<0.01), Dabbling ducks (p<0.001), showed a significant difference in the Shore birds (p<0.001) gulls (p<0.001) except for diving of ducks. Sihwa Lake intertidal zone was only just been restored, but environment and the improvement of benthic ecosystem has been carried out, It is determined that waterfowls that living based on intertidal zone are also affected. This study is a good example of the restoration of the intertidal zone that disappeared, which hard to find a similar case. It will be utilized as basic data of ecological monitoring for the conservation and management of the future of the intertidal zone later.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: As a result of rural exodus, aging of rural population, development of high-yield rice varieties and so on, abandoned paddy fields of South Korea have generally increased. The phytosociological studies are needed to recommend the effective vegetation management methods of abandoned paddy fields. The current study performed an analysis of vegetation characteristics by classifying plant communities for abandoned paddy fields in South Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comparative analysis of syntaxonomy, synecology, and syndynamics was performed by using the Z.-M. method of phytosociology and vegetation survey which was obtained from an enumeration district of total 203 phytosociological releves of 5 regions in Gangwon-do, 5 regions in Gyeonggi-do, 2 regions in Chungcheong-do, 18 regions in Gyeongsang-do, and 10 regions in Jeolla-do. Alopecurus aequalis community, Juncus effusus var. decipiens community and Salix koreensis community were, respectively, identified as successional plant communities of the early stage, the middle stage, and the late stage in the vegetation of abandoned paddy field. Sere of abandoned paddy field can be classified, developmentally, into annual plant stage, perennial plant stage, shrub plant stage, and forest tree stage. Several kinds of dominant species rather than a distinct species were found in the middle stage of abandoned paddy field. CONCLUSION(S): In this study, changing pattern in vegetational communities of abandoned paddy field were understood. These results will provide important information for restoring and conserving the ecology of fallow ground.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.637-643
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• 2010

For enhancement of apple productivity, the calcium fertilizers to increase the calcium content of fruit, and reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples are applied. Crushed oyster shell contains a plenty of calcium carbonate, and a very small amount of boron, ferrous, and manganese. A field study was conducted to determine the optimum level of crushed oyster shell for soil nutrient management, and its effect on the induction of bitter pit in cultivar 'Gamhong' apple. The application of crushed oyster shell increased organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation concentration in soil. We found a significant positive correlation between soil pH, and application level of crushed oyster shell in both top, and subsoils. The incidence of bitter pit in apple fruit at the harvest stage was significantly higher in non treatment and calciummagnesium carbonate treatment than on over applications 4 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for crushed oyster shell. However, the optimum level of crushed oyster shell was 2 Mg $ha^{-1}$, especially considering the soil Ca content, soil pH, fruits weight, and yield. Our results show that the crushed oyster shell can be effective in restoring the soil nutrient balance, and inducing the bitter pit in apple fruit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2016

This research was completed to provide fundamental data regarding the guidelines to installing and managing utility facilities & structures in wetland protected area to advance the functions and sustainable use of ecology services by preserving the ecology within wetland protected area. There were 5 on-site researching areas that were used as the main subject with these areas chosen and considered from 21 inland wetlands that have been designated and are being managed from the Ministry of Environment and by their designated dates as a wetland protected area. The utility facilities in these wetland areas were categorized by their types and a detailed on-site investigation was proceeded with investigation items chosen whereas these facilities are working by their roles from their location, size, used materials, types, information contents and etc., The results showed that regarding informational structures, several locations of information boards were distanced from the main exploring routes which did not consider the visitor's eye level which had their readability dropped and by sunlight, time lapse and water penetration, many information boards were damaged or corrupted so that it was hard to confirm the information noticed or understanding an image. Insufficient observation and educational structures were installed that considered the ecological characteristics of wild animals and their living conditions. Regarding convenience facilities, there were parking lots that were installed on the fore-land and to decrease non-point solution sources, some parking lots needed to be located in protected lowlands while some facilities' shape and colors did not harmonize with their natural surroundings, creating a sense of awareness, which will need some more consideration. As for safety facilities, they were very insufficient compared to other facilities. This means that additional safety structures are needed so that related personnel can be aware of where a visitor is located when an accident occurs. Protectional facilities strongly needed new structures and a management system to cut off entrances and do surveillance so that visitors do not go into areas outside of the managed areas and bring damages to restricted locations. Research labs needed to expand the use of automatic weather systems and water gauge equipments to build fundamental data regarding floodgates that are intimated to the forming of wetlands. Sensor cameras and other types of monitoring systems are needed to monitor the majority types of animals living in the wetlands as well.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.487-491
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• 2009

Background: Salvaging prosthetic arteriovenous grafts can be performed using surgical or endovascular techniques. We conducted a retrospective analysis to compare the efficacy of these two methods for restoring dialysis graft function. Material and Method: We studied 41 patients who had received surgical thrombectomy with revision (Group A) or percutaneous thrombectomy with angioplasty (Group B) from January 2006 to December 2007. We compared them according to the patient characteristics and the location of stenotic lesions, and we analyzed the post-intervention primary patency rates. Result: 21 patients underwent surgery and 20 patients underwent percutaneous balloon angioplasty. There were no significant differences of the patients' characteristics between the two groups. Venous anastomotic stenosis was the most common cause of graft thrombosis in both groups. In Group A, 90.5% of the grafts remained functional at 6 months and 38.1% remained functional at 12 months. In Group B, 55.0% of the grafts were functional at 6 months and 20.0% of the grafts were functional at 12 months. The post-intervention primary patency rate was significantly better in Group A (p=0.034). Conclusion: Surgical treatment resulted in significantly longer post-intervention primary patency in this study, and this supports its use as the primary method of management for most patients in whom dialysis graft obstruction develops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

Global warming and climate changes have been major issues for decades andvarious researches have reported their impact on our environment. According to recent researches, increased carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration in the atmosphere is considered as a dominant contributor to global climate changes and thus numerous researches were conducted to control $CO_2$ concentration in the atmosphere. Soil management practices, such as reducing tillage intensity, returning plant residues, and enhancing cropping system have recommended for restoring organic carbon into the soils effectively. However, few studies on soil carbon sequestration have reported for Korean paddy soils. Therefore, evaluation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the long-term single rice cropping system is essential in order to find out potential capacity of paddy field as a carbon sink source. The objective of this research was to evaluate SOC dynamics on the long-term single rice cropping system. Research was conducted in the research farm at National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon. Long-term phosphorus and potassium fertilization and lime application didn't significantly affect on SOC compared to controls. We found that SOC contents were increased continually at the long-term composting plots with enhanced rate of carbon storage. In conclusion, continuous incorporation of plant residues (i.e., composting) is recommended to effectively sequester soil carbon for Korean paddy soils. This result implies that continuous composting in a paddy field may contributenot only for increasing SOC in the soils but also for mitigating global warming through reducing carbon dioxide emission into atmosphere. Therefore, we recommend that a strategy or policy measures to encourage farmers to return plant residues continuously for mitigation of global warming as well as soil fertility is being developed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2011

Objective : The safety and efficacy of various fusion substitutes in pyogenic osteomyelitis has not been investigated. We evaluated and compared the cadaveric allograft and titanium cages used to reconstruct, maintain alignment and achieve fusion in the management of pyogenic spinal infection. Methods : There were 33 patients with pyogenic osteomyelitis underwent fusion in this study. Fifteen of the 33 patients were operated on by fusion with allografts (cadaveric patella bones) and 18 of those were operated with titanium mesh cages filled with autologous cancellous iliac bone. After the affected disc and vertebral body resection with pus drainage, cadaveric allograft or titanium cages were inserted into the resected space. Posterior transpedicular screw fixation and rod compression in resected space, where cadaveric allograft or titanium cages were inserted, was performed to prevent the malposition in all patients except in 1 case. Recurrent infection was identified by serial erythrocyte sedimentation rate and cross reactive protein follow-up. Osseous union and recurred infection available at a minimum of 2 years following operation was identified. The amount of kyphosis correction and the subsidence were measured radiographically. Results : Spinal fusion was achieved in 29 of 33 patients. In the cadaveric allograft group, 93.3% of patient (14 of 15) showed the osseous union while 83.3% of patient (15 of 18) in the titanium cage group showed union. Subsidence was noted in 12 of the patients. Twelve patients (36.3%) showed unsettling amounts of subsidence postoperatively whereas 46.6% of patients in the cadaveric allograft group and 37.7% of patients in the titanium cage group showed similar subsidence, respectively. There were statistical difference in the fusion rate (p=0.397) and subsidence rate (p=0.276) between the two groups. There was significant statistical difference in the postoperative improvement of segmental kyphosis between the two groups (p=0.022), that is the improvement in sagittal alignment was greater in the titanium cage group than in the cadaveric allograft group. There was no case of recurred infection. Conclusion : The cadaveric allograft and titanium cages are effective and safe in restoring and maintaining sagittal plane alignment without increased incidence in infection recurrence in pyogenic osteomyelitis. The postoperative improvement of segmental kyphosis was better in the cage group.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.989-998
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• 2014

Recently volcanic eruptions and activities occurring in many parts of world have become a common global concern to many countries. The severity of these Volcanic disasters, such as of Mt. Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland and Mt. Merapi in Indonesia, have caused damages and causalities reaching astronomical levels. The infrastructure is categorized into 18sections that appropriately reflecting the survey data collected from various government agents, current inhabitant and engineers to accumulate a database on the priorities and preferences of restoring and reconstructing many kinds of infrastructure and facilities. The survey data was collect by using the "Likert 5 Scale Method" which emphasized the importance and priority of reconstruction and restoration for the specific facilities and infrastructures. The data was corrugated, organized and used in plotting and planning a strategic recovery agenda. The survey results were analyzed and verified to ensure the validity and reliability of the data by using chi-square test. This paper presents that recovery period and recovery cost to the total damage of infrastructure and facilities were used to make a recovery network with implemented construction management method. The research is expected that a more efficient and prompt recovery protocol and recovery plan can be executed and can be use as a reference and database.