• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2016

This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional composition, bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic assay of cancer cells on Rubus crataegifolius (RC) : R. crataegifolius from Jangseong (RC-J), R. crataegifolius from Hwaseong (RC-H), R. crataegifolius from Ulsan (RC-U), R. crataegifolius from Sunchang (RC-S), and R. crataegifolius from Pohang (RC-P). The peroximate composition had the largest amount of carbohydrate content among all kinds of RC. As far as the mineral contents of RC, Calcium comprised the highest amount ($996.6{\mu}g/g{\pm}0.8%$) and Natrium the lowest ($6.2{\mu}g/g{\pm}1.0%$). A total of 26 kinds of free amino acids and 18 kinds of component amino acids were analyzed in RC. The results of electron donating were high scavenging effects of 80% in water extract (RC-UW) and 82.6% in ethanol extract (RC-UE) in $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration from RC-U. Also, the cytotoxic effects of cancer cells B16F10 (RC-UW and RC-PE), H1299 (RC-SW and RC-PE), and MCF-7 (RC-JW and RC-SE) appeared in RC. Therefore, we confirmed that new varieties may possibly be developed with functional materials.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.250-255
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• 2002

This paper describes the study methods of identifying forest vegetation types, based on this study, forest vegetation classification method based on vegetation index is proposed. According to reflectance data of vegetation canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun, China, many vegetation index are calculated and analyzed. The relationships between vegetation index and vegetation types are that PVI identifies broadleaf forest and conifer forest the most easily, the next is TSAVI and MSAVI, but their calculation is complex. RVI values of different conifer trees vary obviously, so RVI can classify conifer trees. In a word, combination of PVI and RVI is evaluated to classify different vegetation types.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 1997

A study was carried out to investigate the distribution of termites at the southern part of Korea between 1995 and 1996. During the survey, termite samples were collected from the randomly selected areas. Most of thern were collected from the decayed woods in dead trees (usually in pine trees), but some were also collected from woodern walls, floors in houses, or in matured bed logs at the mushroom cultivating areas. Damage by this termite species were also observed by Kim and Hwang (1996) who investigated the insect pests of mushroom in the southern part of Korea. To control the termites, it is urgent to identify them and to conduct ecological study of termites. Thus, we firstly identified termites which were collected from the sampling areas including houses and mushrooms cultivating fields. All termite samples were identified as Reticulitermes speratus. However, there were several morphological differences among them according to the collected areas, and the samples were reexamined, identified and divided into subspecies as R. speratus kyushuensis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

The endophytic fungi were isolated from red pine trees (Pinus densiflora) that were distributed in three sites of Chungbuk, Korea. Twenty fungal isolates were isolated from 16 trees and divided into 8 groups by morphological characters. The fungal isolates were identified using the sequences of ITS region of rDNA; Lophodermium complex, Sydowia polyspora, Hymenula sp., Sistotrema brinkmannii, Septoria pini-thunbergii, Earliella sp. Lophodermium spp. were the most frequently found fungal species the across sites and firstly detected from Pinus species in Korea by molecular work.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2004.04b
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• pp.88-90
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• 2004

주기억 징치 DBMS성능에 캐쉬 미스가 중요한 요소이다. 그래서 캐쉬 미스를 줄여주는 캐쉬 인식 트리(chash consclous trees)들이 개발되어 왔다. 캐쉬 인식 트리에서 사용한 기법들은 포인터 압축, 키 압축 개념으로 일반화 할 수 있다. 포인터 압축은 CS$B^{＋}$-트리처럼 노드에 각 자식 노드를 가리키는 포인터를 제거하고 대신 세그먼트에 저장된 자식 노드들 중 첫 번째 자식 노드를 가리키는 포인터를 저장하는 개념이다. 키 압축은 pkB-트리, R-트리처럼 키 길이를 출이는 개념이다. 본 논문에서는 키 압축 개념과 포인터 압축 개념을 동싱에 지원하고, 디스크 기반의 GiST를 캐쉬 인식하도록 확장한 CC-GiST를 제안한다. 본 논문의 공헌은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1)기존의 캐쉬 인식 트리들의 기법을 분류하고 분석함으로써, 캐쉬 인식 트리에 적용할 수 있는 일반적인 방법을 도출하였다. 2)포인터 압축을 위해 세그먼트의 개념을 키 압축을 위하여 베이스 키의 개념을 CC-GiST에 도입하였다. 3)디스크 기반의 GiST를 위해 기정의된 메소드들을 캐쉬 인식하도록 완전하게 수정하였다. 4) 제안한 CC-GiST를 이용하여 기존의 대표적인 캐쉬 인식 트리인 CSB＋-트리와 CR-트리를 구현하는 방법을 기술하였다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1237-1256
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• 2023

The tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups are generalizations of the free products of groups with amalgamation subgroup. The aim of this paper is to construct a tree called the standard tree where the tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups act without inversions and then find the quotient of this action. Furthermore, we show that if the amalgamation subgroups are finite and the factor groups act on disjoint trees then there exists a tree called the fiber tree where the tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups act without inversions and find the quotients of this action. If each factor is a tree products with amalgamation subgroups, we get a new fiber tree and the corresponding factors.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.134-141
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• 2023

As robotic technology expands into various fields, robots need to execute some complicated tasks in diverse environments. However, the previous robotic software solutions were limited to independent systems. We can not adapt to diverse functionalities and environments. This makes it hard to provide rapid and effective services and leads to costs and losses in the development process. To overcome these problems, we propose a robot software framework with behavior trees based on ROS2. This framework simplifies complex robot behaviors through behavior trees and makes it easy to modify, extend, and reuse robot behaviors. Furthermore, ROS2 standardizes connections between software modules, enhances the robot's flexibility, and enables independent development and testing of software. Our framework aims to provide a foundation for high-quality robot service provision by supporting the modularity, reusability, independent development, and testing required by intelligent robots that need to provide services in various environments.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.669-680
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• 2011

R-trees are widely used in various areas such as geographical information systems, CAD systems and spatial databases in order to efficiently index multi-dimensional data. As data sets used in these areas grow in size and complexity, however, range query operations on R-tree are needed to be further faster to meet the area-specific constraints. To address this problem, there have been various research efforts to develop strategies for acceleration query processing on R-tree by using the buffer mechanism or parallelizing the query processing on R-tree through multiple disks and processors. As a part of the strategies, approaches which parallelize query processing on R-tree through Graphics Processor Units(GPUs) have been explored. The use of GPUs may guarantee improved performances resulting from faster calculations and reduced disk accesses but may cause additional overhead costs caused by high memory access latencies and low data exchange rate between GPUs and the CPU. In this paper, to address the overhead problems and to adapt GPUs efficiently, we propose a novel approach which uses a GPU as a buffer to parallelize query processing on R-tree. The use of buffer algorithm can give improved performance by reducing the number of disk access and maximizing coalesced memory access resulting in minimizing GPU memory access latencies. Through the extensive performance studies, we observed that the proposed approach achieved up to 5 times higher query performance than the original CPU-based R-trees.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2015

Litter decomposition is an important process in terrestrial ecosystem. However, studies on decomposition are rare, especially in evergreen broadleaf trees. We collected the leaf litter of five evergreen broadleaf trees (Daphniphyllum macropodum, Dendropanax morbifera, Castanopsis cuspidata var. thunbergii, Machilus thunbergii and Quercus acuta), and carried out a decomposition experiment using the litterbag method in Ju-do, Wando-gun, Korea for 731 days from December 25, 2011 to December 25, 2013. Among the five experimental tree species, C. cuspidata var. thunbergii distribution was limited in Jeju Island, and D. macropodum was distributed at the highest latitude at Mt. Baekyang (N 35°40′). About 2% of the initial litter mass of D. macropodum and D. morbifera remained, while 20.9% remained for C. cuspidata var. thunbergii, 30.4% for M. thunbergii, and 31.6% for Q. acuta. D. macropodum litter decayed four times faster (k = 2.02 yr^-1) than the litter of Q. acuta (k = 0.58 yr^-1). The decomposition of litter was positively influenced by thermal climate such as accumulated mean daily air temperature (year day index) and precipitation, as well as by physical characteristics such as thickness (R²=0.939, P = 0.007) and specific leaf area (SLA) (R² = 0.964, P = 0.003). The characteristics of chemical composition such as lignin (R² = 0.939, P = 0.007) and water-soluble materials (R² = 0.898, P = 0.014) showed significant correlations with litter decomposition. However, the nutrients in litter showed complicated species-specific trends. The litter of D. macropodum and D. morbifera had fast decomposition despite their low nitrogen concentration and high C/N ratio. This means that the litter decomposition was more strongly affected by physical characteristics than chemical composition and nutrient content. On the other hand, the litter of Q. acuta which had the slowest decay rate had a high amount of N and low C/N ratio. Thus, the decomposition of Q. acuta litter was more affected by the P content of the litter than the N content, although all litter had similar physical characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2014

The sap outflow characteristics of Juglans sinensis and J. mandshurica were investigated to evaluate the optimum pruning period of walnut tree that there is a sap spill on dormant. The total period of sap outflow were 34 days for both J. sinensis and J. mandshurica. Total amount of sap outflow per tree in J. sinensis and J. mandshurica were 2,922 mL/tree and 3,135 mL/tree, respectively and the period of sap outflow and non sap outflow between two species were similar. ANOVA analysis showed that the amount of sap outflow was significant differences with day of sap outflow but there were no significant differences between species. From the correlation analysis between air-temperature and sap outflow, daily minimum temperature showed a positive correlation at the 1% level of significance (r=0.56 and r=0.46) for both J. sinensis and J. mandshurica. When branch of walnut tree that diameter is 5 cm cut on the period of sap outflow, the sap flowed down the longest period (48 days) but the sap outflow was not observed after budburst. Therefore, our study supported that the pruning have to avoid the period of sap outflow to reduce sap outflow of walnut tree.