• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1983

Bocillus subtilis를 유전공학의 숙주 세포로서 이용하기 위해서는 우선 적당한 vector의 개발이 요구된다. Oxytetracycline의 항생물질을 생산하는 방사선균인 Streptomyces rimosuf IFO 0014로 부터 oxytetracycline-resistant plasmid DNA를 pH 9.0의 phenol-buffer system으로 추출하여 B.subtilis KPM 60[St $r^{R}$-mutant of RM 125 (leu A8, arg 15, hsr $M^{-}$, hsm $M^{-}$)] 1균주에 형질전환시키면서 이 plasmid DNA가 표현되게 하였다. 이때 형질전환의 조건으로서 KPM60을 growth medium에서 3시간, competence medium에서는 30분내지 60분간 그리고 DNA와는 20분동안 접촉시킴으로서 가장 높은 빈도로 형질전환이 일어났다. (대개 $10^{-4}$ 빈도 이상) 또 recipient cell의 competence화에는 oH7.5에서 그리고 형질전환에는 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 최적상태를 보였다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.131-151
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• 2005

Industrial Technology Development Program enables the recipient to set up technology infrastructure and to facilitate technology diffusion. In return, government charges royalty from the program recipient. However, the current royalty system is not in the effective form. This study analyzes the various aspects of royalty collection methods applied to the Industrial Technology Development Program and recommend the following: (1) employ the combination of fixed amount royalty and running royalty with predetermined portion of revenue generated, (2) adjust the royalty collection duration by applying product life cycle, and (3) devise new program to link extra-gain from royalty collection with commercialization and other means to increase the effectiveness of research and development activities.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.75-97
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• 2012

Knowledge residing in the heads of employees has always been regarded as one of the most critical resources within a firm. However, many tries to facilitate knowledge transfer among employees has been unsuccessful because of the motivational and cognitive problems between the knowledge source and the recipient. Social capital, which is defined as "the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or social unit [Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998]," is suggested to resolve these motivational and cognitive problems of knowledge transfer. In Social capital theory, there are two research streams. One insists that social capital strengthens group solidarity and brings up cooperative behaviors among group members, such as voluntary help to colleagues. Therefore, social capital can motivate an expert to transfer his/her knowledge to a colleague in need without any direct reward. The other stream insists that social capital provides an access to various resources that the owner of social capital doesn't possess directly. In knowledge transfer context, an employee with social capital can access and learn much knowledge from his/her colleagues. Therefore, social capital provides benefits to both the knowledge source and the recipient in different ways. However, prior research on knowledge transfer and social capital is mostly limited to either of the research stream of social capital and covered only the knowledge source's or the knowledge recipient's perspective. Social network theory which focuses on the structural dimension of social capital provides clear explanation about the in-depth mechanisms of social capital's two different benefits. 'Strong tie' builds up identification, trust, and emotional attachment between the knowledge source and the recipient; therefore, it motivates the knowledge source to transfer his/her knowledge to the recipient. On the other hand, 'weak tie' easily expands to 'diverse' knowledge sources because it does not take much effort to manage. Therefore, the real value of 'weak tie' comes from the 'diverse network structure,' not the 'weak tie' itself. It implies that the two different perspectives on strength of ties can co-exist. For example, an extroverted employee can manage many 'strong' ties with 'various' colleagues. In this regards, the individual-level structure of one's relationships as well as the dyadic-level relationship should be considered together to provide a holistic view of social capital. In addition, interaction effect between individual-level characteristics and dyadic-level characteristics can be examined, too. Based on these arguments, this study has following research questions. (1) How does the social capital of the knowledge source and the recipient influence knowledge transfer respectively? (2) How does the strength of ties between the knowledge source and the recipient influence knowledge transfer? (3) How does the social capital of the knowledge source and the recipient influence the effect of the strength of ties between the knowledge source and the recipient on knowledge transfer? Based on Social capital theory and Social network theory, a multi-level research model is developed to consider both the individual-level social capital of the knowledge source and the recipient and the dyadic-level strength of relationship between the knowledge source and the recipient. 'Cross-classified random effect model,' one of the multi-level analysis methods, is adopted to analyze the survey responses from 337 R&D employees. The results of analysis provide several findings. First, among three dimensions of the knowledge source's social capital, network centrality (i.e., structural dimension) shows the significant direct effect on knowledge transfer. On the other hand, the knowledge recipient's network centrality is not influential. Instead, it strengthens the influence of the strength of ties between the knowledge source and the recipient on knowledge transfer. It means that the knowledge source's network centrality does not directly increase knowledge transfer. Instead, by providing access to various knowledge sources, the network centrality provides only the context where the strong tie between the knowledge source and the recipient leads to effective knowledge transfer. In short, network centrality has indirect effect on knowledge transfer from the knowledge recipient's perspective, while it has direct effect from the knowledge source's perspective. This is the most important contribution of this research. In addition, contrary to the research hypothesis, company tenure of the knowledge recipient negatively influences knowledge transfer. It means that experienced employees do not look for new knowledge and stick to their own knowledge. This is also an interesting result. One of the possible reasons is the hierarchical culture of Korea, such as a fear of losing face in front of subordinates. In a research methodology perspective, multi-level analysis adopted in this study seems to be very promising in management research area which has a multi-level data structure, such as employee-team-department-company. In addition, social network analysis is also a promising research approach with an exploding availability of online social network data.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVII)
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• pp.625-625
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• 2005

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was performed to compare and evaluate the effect of recipient site depths and diameters of the drills on the primary stability of implant in pig's ribs. Materials and methods: An intact pig's rib larger than 8 mm in width and 20 mm in height; RBM(resorbable blasting media) surface blasted ${\phi}3.75mm$ and 8.0 mm long USII Osstem Implants (Osstem Co., Korea) were used. To measure the primary stability, $Periotest^{(R)}$ (Simens AG, Germany) and $Osstell^{TM}$ (Model 6 Resonance Frequency Analyser: Integration Diagnostics Ltd., Sweden) were used. They were divided into 6 groups according to its recipient site formation method: D3H3, D3H5, D3H7, D3.3H3, D3.3H5, D3.3H7. Each group had, as indicated, 10 implants placed, and total 60 implants were used. The mean value was obtained by 4-time measurements each on mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual side perpendicular to the long axis of the implant using $Periotest^{(R)}$ and $Osstell^{TM}$. For statistical analysis one-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean value of each group, and the correlation between placement depths and the primary stability, and that of measuring instruments was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Results: The primary stability of the implants increased as the placement depths increased (p<0.05), and showed a proportional relationship (p<0.01). The primary stability increased when the diameter of the recipient site was smaller than that of the implant but with no statistical significance. There was a strong correlation between $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that increasing the placement depth of implants enhances the primary stability of implant.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2005년도 제45회 학술심포지움 및 추계학술대회
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• pp.88-88
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• 2005

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.327-337
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• 1999

The transposon TnphoA was used to generate avirulent mutants from a type A Pasteurella multocida. A suicide vector plasmid pRT733 carrying TnphoA, having the kanamycin resistant gene and harbored in Escherichia coli K-12 strain SM10(${\lambda}pir$), was mated with streptomycin resistant P. multocida P-1059 strain as recipient. This resulted in the generation of two TnphoA insertion mutants (transconjugants, tc95-a and tc95-b) which were resistant both to kanamycin ($Km^{R}$) and streptomycin ($Sm^{R}$), secreted alkaline phosphatase, and were avirulent to turkeys. Southern blot hybridization using two probes derived from internal fragments of TnphoA, confirmed the insertion of TnphoA into 12.9kb or 13.7kb DNA fragment from the EcoRV digested genomic fragments of transconjugants. The two transconjugants, tc95-a and tc95-b, were distinguishable from their parent strains by differences in ribotypes, and outer membrane protein profiles. TnphoA insertion in both transconjugants also resulted in constitutive expression of a 33Kd iron regulated outer membrane protein (IROMP). The gene encoding $Sm^{R}$ was also located within the same 12.9kb EcoRV genomic fragment from both transconjugants. Furthermore, our finding that the recipient P. multocida P-1059 $Sm^{R}$ strain and both transconjugants were avirulent to turkeys suggest that the either 12.9kb or 13.7kb genomic DNA contains the virulence gene and speculate that the presence of $Sm^{R}$ gene or TnphoA insertion may be responsible for regulating and inactivating the gene(s) encoding virulence in P. multocida.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.811-828
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• 2017

Purpose: In the meantime, studies on the measurement methods of service quality have mainly been conducted in views of the service recipients. In this study, we introduce a co-orientation model that compares the perceptions of service provider and recipient and examine the applicability in service quality field. Methods: In this study, we conducted a case study on the specific service called 'National R&D Project Plan Evaluation Service' to examine the applicability of the co-orientation model in the service quality field. Results: We could identify the phenomenon of how service providers and recipients perceive differently about specific services introduced in the case study. This study confirms that it can be used to identify problems in mutually oriented service quality activities and to take practical measures to improve them. As we have seen in this case study, the co-orientation model is expected to be of great help in exploring opportunities for quality improvement in the area of service quality. Conclusion: The service quality co-orientation model allows the service provider to distinguish between what they think of differently with the service recipient and what they have in common, so the service provider will be able to find the agenda of service quality improvement.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.345-348
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• 1985

Mannitol hypertonic regeneration media를 사용하는 PEG-induced protoplast transformation system을 이용해서 pUB110과 pE194의 recombinant plasmid로 B. subtilis BR151을 transformation 시킴으로써 두 plasmid에서 유래되는 각각의 Neo$^{R}$와 Em$^{R}$을 동일한 recipient cell 내에서 동시에 발현시킬 수 있었다. Neomycin과 erythromycin을 함께 함유하는 mannitol regeneration media상에서 recombinant plasmid의 transformation frequency는 6.5 $\times$ $10^{-5}$이었다. 한편 transformant cell 내에서 recombinant plasmid의 replication이 agarose gel electrophoresis로 확인되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.286-291
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• 1993

수계환경에서 세균의 접합에 의해 나타난 conjugant 에서 plasmid 의 재배열과 $Km^{r}$ 유전자의 행방을 조사하기 위하여 자연계 분리균주와 유전공학적 변형균주(GMM)의 $Km^{r}$ 유전자의 전이빈도를 조사하는 동시에 3.9 kb 의 $Km^{r}$ 유전자를 DNA probe 로 사용하여 Southern analysis 를 실시하였다. $Km^{r}$ 유전자의 전이빈도는 실험실 환경에서 GMM 균주가 자연계균주(DK1) 보다 100배 더 높게 나타났으나, 무심천에서는 균주에 따라 차이가 없었다. 실험실환경에서 DK1 균주를 donor 로 하여 LB 나 FW 에서 얻은 conjugant 들은 모두 같은 수의 plasmid 를 가지고 있었으나 크기는 다르게 재배열하였다으며, $Km^{r}$ 유전자는 donor 의 R plasmid 인 pDK101 과 비슷한 위치에서 발견되었다. GMM 균주가 donor 일 때에는 180 kb 의 plasmid 가 새로 나타났으며, 특히 FW 수질에서 donor 가 DKC600 일 때는 $Km^{r}$ 유전자가 염색체에 삽입되어 있었다. 무심천의 자연계 수질환경에서는 DK1 이나 DKB701 이 donor 일 때 4개 및 8개의 plasmid 가 새로 나타났으며, $Km^{r}$ 유전자는 재배열된 4개의 plasmid 와 염색체에서 발견되었다. DKC600 이 donor 일 때는 recipient 의 작은 plasmid 가 모두 소실되었으나, $Km^{r}$ 유전자는 새로 나타난 plasmid 와 염색체에서 발견되었다. 그러므로 자연환경에서의 수질에서는 plasmid 의 재배열이 더 다양했으며, $Km^{r}$ 유전자도 다양한 크기로 재배열된 plasmid 에서 발견되었다.