• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2021

Using a trade policy, government can shift profits from foreign firms to domestic firms. This paper will reexamine how asymmetric information can affect the equivalence of tariff and quota in a duopoly, where one domestic firm competes with one foreign firm. It can happen that the domestic firm has informational advantage against the government. Within this framework, the domestic firm has private information about own marginal cost as well as the foreign firm's. The domestic firm would exploit the advantage to draw a favorable policy from the government. When the government is misled, social welfare would decline. This paper will guide how the government can extract information from the domestic firm by offering a menu of tariff or quota. Previous studies showed that quota demands information more than tariff. With the principle of revealed information, the domestic firm chooses tariff (quota) if the marginal cost of foreign firm is low (high). The quota level will be high (low) if the marginal cost of domestic firm is high (low). To prevent misrepresentation, the domestic firm should be charged when quota is implemented. When the quota level is low, the domestic firm is charged additionally. This paper can contribute to the literature of trade policy and information.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.313-324
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• 2022

We investigate the impacts of tariff, tariff-rate quota, conformity assessment, and traceability requirements set by the rice importers using panel data of 17 rice exporters exporting to 119 countries in two years 2015 and 2018, using both Ordinary least square (OLS) and Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPLM) methods. Results from our gravity models strongly indicate that tariff and tariff rate quota remain significantly detrimental to the world's rice exporters because these measures place downward pressure on the rice exporters' prices and the importers' import quantity, creating barriers to market participation. Our study also provides strong evidence about the role of origin certificates in allowing rice exporters to gain access to foreign markets. Meanwhile, regulatory standards such as traceability requirements and logistical and distributional requirements imposed by the rice importers are found to be major obstacles to rice importation from less-developed countries. Our study provides insights into tariff and non-tariff barriers existing in the global rice market, which is likely to assist policymakers operating in developing countries to help shape their policies and bolster rice competitiveness.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.735-765
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• 2000

The paper aims to introduce and to discuss seafood import systems in terms of tariff and Non-Tariff Measurements which have been changed by the establishment of WTO. The paper can be used as materials for seafood trade policy making. The Non-Tariff Measurements for seafood import control in Japan are explored as follows; Import Quota, Import License, Pre-identification, Standard system, Customs Clearance Procedure, Import Port Nomination, Import Channel, Unification. The paper is composed of six chapters. Chapter 1 shows the current situation of seafood trade of major countries and background of the research. Chapter 2 deals with fisheries negotiations in the Uruguay Round, their impacts and major issues of tariffs and Non-Tariff Measurements in seafood trade. Chapter 3 analyzes seafood import of Japan, which is the core nation in the seafood trade of Northeast Asian Region, by item and the structure and characteristics of Japanese seafood import tariff including Non-Tariff Measurements. Chapter 4 and chapter 5 tackle seafood import management system of EU and USA respectively. Chapter 6 summarizes the issues of seafood import by focusing on Japan which is the biggest import market of Korean seafood.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권3호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2001

본 연구는 UR농산물협상에서 우리 나라가 약속한 시장개방(市場開放)에 대한 이행실적(履行實績)을 평가하고 UR에 의한 시장개방이 국내 주요 단기소득임산물 시장에 미친 영향(影響)을 분석하였다. WTO농업협정의 이행실적 등은 관련자료 및 통계치를 이용하여 분석하였고, UR이후 수입개방이 밤, 대추, 잣, 호도, 표고시장에 미친 영향은 선행연구의 수요(需要) 및 공급탄성치(供給彈性値)와 UR이후의 수입량, 생산량 소비량 등의 자료를 이용하여 추정(推定)하였다. 1995년부터 1999년까지 5년동안 관세할당제도(關稅割當制度)에 의한 밤, 잣, 대추의 수입물량은 우리나라가 약속한 최소시장접근(最小市場接近) 물량(物量)을 초과하지 않았다. 현재 단기소득임산물의 실행관세율(實行關稅率)도 양허관세율(讓許關稅率)에 비해 상당히 낮으며 이러한 관계는 2004년까지 유지될 것이다. UR이후 단기소득임산물의 수입증가로 잠재적(潛在的) 국내가격(國內價格)이 하락되었고 이에 따라 소비지출액(消費支出額)이 감소되고 소비자잉여(消費者剩餘)가 증가된 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 단기소득임산물의 수업증가로 인해 생산량이 큰 폭 감소된 것으로 추정되었으며 생산에 미친 부정적(否定的)연 효과(效果)가 소비에 미친 긍정적(肯定的)인 효과(效果)를 상회(上廻)한 것으로 추정되었다. 단기소득임산물은 UR의 결과 낮은 관세율로 수출시장에 접근할 수 있었음에도 불구하고 대부분의 수출(輸出)이 감소(減少)되었다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.211-227
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• 2003

According to the TRQ system created by WTO agreement on agriculture, Korea notified the WTO of the application of tariff rate quotas for 67 agricultural commodities(now, 63 commodities). Among these government administrate state-operated trade for 17 commodities. However, WTO/DDA negotiation will bring about lowering tariffs and increasing quantities of tariff quota. This study suggest the development programs corresponding WTO/DDA agriculture negotiation. First, from the viewpoint of the protection of domestic agriculture & improving transparency of agricultural import administration, the administration system of the state-operated trade will be necessary to be transformed for market oriented methods. Second, the administration system of the state-operated trade will be necessary to be rendered unified organization also. The current system of the state-operated trade shows the phenomena og many divergency. And third, The quantities of market access of FTA between Korea and Chile will be desirable to be administrate by state-operated trade. Because, according to diffusion of FTA treaties, the amount of market access quantities of FTA increase rapidly henceforth.

• 정보학연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.119-141
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• 1998

WTO체제하에서는 관세 및 관세상당액의 감축이행이라는 제약으로 농산물 수입제한정책의 탄력적 활용의 폭이 매우 좁다. 따라서 국내농엽여건을 감안하여 효율적인 관세인하 및 관세상당액의 감축과 WTO 규범을 적극 활용하여 관세화에 다른 부작용을 최소화하는 방향으로 수입관리 대책을 수립해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 WTO에서 농산물에 대해 특별히 허용하고 있는 SSG에 의한 특별긴급수입제한제도를 적극 활용하는 한편 동식물검역제도등을 시급히 개선할 필요가 있다. 더우기 MMA와 CMA에 의한 수입가격의 이중적 형성으로 국내시장의 교란현상과 함께 소득분배의 외곡현상이 발생할 우려가 있으므로 국내 농산물 가격의 안정화와 소득의 불균형 방지를 위해서 WTO 규범 내에서 국영무역을 운용할 필요성도 있다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2017

In 2012, Korea introduced a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) scheme, replacing the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) scheme as a market support policy of renewable energy in the electricity market. RPS is to allocate obligatory quota of renewable energy sources for electricity suppliers, whereas FIT is to guarantee high prices for electricity from renewable energy sources. This study examines the effect of this policy change on solar photovoltaic market. According to the study, solar PV market grew fast under FIT as well as under RPS. However, under RPS the size of subsidy for solar PV suppliers was shrunk substantially. In addition, market risk increased severly under RPS due to the volatility of price of renewable energy certificate (REC) as well as of the electricity market price. The small and medium suppliers of solar PV were suffered the most severly from these policy effects. Therefore, the policy reform of RPS is needed to alleviate the market risk of small and medium suppliers of solar PV.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.337-347
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• 2020

Since 2012, despite the fact that tariff rate quotas (TRQ) in the form of dried peppers has not been imported, the imports of pepper-related items such as low- tariff frozen peppers (27%) and other sauces (45%) have increased, there has been a problem in the domestic pepper industry, in which the domestic self-sufficiency rate has declined. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the operation of chili pepper TRQ has the effect of suppressing the imports of pepper-related items from China. We analyzed the import substitution effect (import suppression effect) through causal analysis of the imports of red pepper TRQ, frozen peppers, and other sauces using the structural equation model analysis method. As a result of the hypothetical scenario analysis, when the government imports and releases 7,185 tons of pepper TRQ in 2019/20 (scenario), private imports were estimated to decrease by only 3,060 tons. In other words, the import substitution effect between imported items was estimated to decrease about 2,079 tons of private dried peppers, and about 981 tons of imported pepper-related items. There was an effect of suppressing the imports of pepper-related items such as frozen peppers, but it was analyzed to be insignificant. That reason was that the replacement substitution elasticity of the pepper-related items for TRQ import was less than 1 (inelastic). Therefore, it is judged that the government's operation of the pepper TRQ is preferably focused on stabilizing domestic prices rather than focusing on import control of pepper-related items.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2014

기존 사례조사를 바탕으로 국내의 구리에 대한 물질흐름 분석을 Up-stream과 Down-stream으로 구분하여 실시하였으며, 2010년 기준 폐기물로 배출된 이후의 폐기 재활용 흐름에 대해서 현장조사를 통한 분석을 실시하였다. 배출 이후의 물질흐름을 배출 및 수입, 수거 및 폐기, 자원회수, 제품생산 및 수출의 4단계로 나누어 각 단계별로 분석했다. 재활용 단계에서 36.8%의 자원순환율 도출 되었고, 이를 바탕으로 각 단계별로 자원순환율을 증진시킬 수 있는 여러 방안을 제시하였다. 배출 및 수입 단계에서는 지정을 세분하여 적절한 경우 이를 폐기물 자원으로 분류할 것을 제안하였다. 이런 폐자원에 대해서 할당관세를 적용을 제안하였다. 수거 및 폐기 단계에서는 부과세 편취 해결과 입찰제도의 개선을 통한 수급 안정화 방안을 제시하였다. 자원순환단계에서는 전문적인 파쇄 및 분쇄 업체를 육성방안과 대기업과 중소기업간의 상생방안을 제시하였다. 제품생산 및 수출 단계에서는 현재 구리스크랩 재활용 상황에서 재활용 활성화를 위해서 폐기물 처리시설의 등록 면제 요청하고 있으나 이보다는 폐기물 처리시설로 등록을 위해서 필요한 모든 인허가를 통합적으로 처리하는 방안을 제시하였다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.95-116
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• 2009

Korea-Us FTA negotiation started in February 2006 with a view to overcoming those uncertainties in the global market and was finally concluded in April, 2007. The Agreement was officially signed between ministers two month later and it is expected to be ratified this year even though the process is most likely to be painful in both countries by the political resistances. For the new President of the United States, effective leadership will depends largely on how to encourage domestic industries such as Automobile industry and Iron and Steel industry from the financial crisis. Many trading partners of US worry about US foreign trade policy changes to protectionism that might be unequal to bear. Korea textile industry is one of the major industry in Korea as it occupies 15% of total number of manufacturers, 11% of total employment and 5% of national GDP. Korea-US FTA will provide a breakthrough for bouncing back by exploring new market. US agreed to remove all tariff and non-tariff barriers to 87% of textile items under trading. This study shows that Korean textile industry has been losing it's competitiveness as textile quota system abolished in the year 2005 and has been traced by pursuers such as China, India and Vietnam. In case of woven fabric which was a representing export item of Korea lost price competitiveness against China after 2005. This study seeks the strategy of Korea textile industry in the US market by utilizing the capacity of KOTRA offices in US. All possible statistical data obtained in the US were used for analysing the competitiveness. Fabrics and Garments are analysed independently with a view to finding out real trends of textile market in US. This study also suggest Korea's textile industry strategic ideas obtained from the potential buyers to show the way to penetrate into US market.