In order to help smokers quit easier, China has started to provide quitline service since 2004. There are two models for Chinese quitline service-the National Quitline Model, which provides only cessation service to smokers, and the 12320 Hotline Model, which integrates cessation counseling into public health hotline service and is currently adapted in public health hotlines in 28 provinces. A protocol of 4 counseling calls is used by 12320 Hotline. Three-month abstinence rate for clients is about 20%. The fact that most smokers who attempted quit don't seek cessation help or quitline service is not well known by the public are major constraints for quitline service in China. Effective advocating campaign should be implemented to propagate quitline. Diverse protocols targeting different subpopulation will also need to be developed to better service the public.
Objectives : The objective of this research was to investigate the smoking state of students in Y university, located in Youngdong-gun, Choungbuk. Methods : This research was conducted toward 311 number of students in the university. The questionnaire basically consists of the status of smoking, the behavior of smoker and non-smoker. Results : 58.2% of the male respondents were current smoker, but 72.4% of the females were non-smoker. 58.2% of the current smokers were 22 to 25 aged group. The highest rate of time to begin with smoking was in 15 to 18 years old and the most of people consumed 11 to 20 pieces of cigarettes per day. 48.9% of the students have an experience to keep no smoking more than one month. There were reverse correlation(r=-.335) between the status of smoking and sex, and positive correlation(r=.264) between the status of smoking and an age. Of the people experiencing non-smoking, 55.3% were smoking 'everyday' and 44.7% were 'sometimes'. The biggest part of the reason why stopped smoking was for 'the advices of other people'(25.5%), and 'Harm to health' and 'Social atmosphere of non-smoking'(21.3%) were following. Conclusions : In the university students, current smokers among male students were still high smoking rate. Therefore Dental Hygiene students in the same University have to provide the quit smoking education and oral health care methods for current smokers.
Background: Many chronic diseases are associated with the lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise. Attention is increasingly paid on the effect of exercise for the management of chronic disease these days. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of the smoking habit, alcohol drinking and physical exercise of the patients with chronic diseases. Methods: Total 793 persons(normal:422, chronic disease patients:371) in a hospital were questioned regarding the habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, and a practice of physical exercise in 1999. The patients with chronic illness were divided into three groups(Group I included the patients of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Group II includes respiratory disease and cancer. Group III included liver disease). The rate of exercise, the rate of smoking cessation and the rate of abstinence were assessed. In logistic regression analysis with each independent variables in each disease groups (I, II and III, odds ratio for the presence of disease was controlled for age and education. Results: The rate of exercise, the rate of smoking cessation and the rate of abstinence was 31.5%, 27.3% and 9.5% in the patients with chronic disease, respectively. In control group, those were 31.5%, 21% and 2.1%, respectively. In logistic regression analysis with exercise as independent variable, odds ratios(95% CI for age and education were significantly high, with smoking cessation, odds ratio for age was high and with abstinence, odds ratio for disease with high in all disease groups. Conclusion: It was suggested that an effort for proper changes of lifestyle related to disease such as smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise should be intervened in the patients with chronic diseases.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the raise of cigarette prices by KRW 2,000 at the beginning of 2015 on the change in smoking behavior among male office workers, and to analyze the correlation of various factors including their work behaviors and socio-economic factors with their smoking rate. Methods: In this research, a follow-up observation panel was constituted with 420 smokers as targets from among male office workers at a bank located in Daegu, South Korea. A cross-analysis and ANOVA analysis were carried out in order to examine whether changes in smoking status, amount of smoking, stop-smoking motivation, and reasons for smoking cessation failure after the passage of time since the cigarette price hike were statistically significant. The level of statistical significance was P < 0.05. Results: After the cigarette price hike, among the 420 smokers who were the target of the panel the rate of smoking cessation declined at the time-point of the survey to 15.5%, 12.4%, 8.5%, and 5.7% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. As a result of a follow-up observation of 65 smokers who stopped smoking immediately after the price hike, the actual non-smoking rate declined to 15.5%, 8.3%, 4.4%, and 3.1% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. One (1) year after the cigarette price hike, the non-smoking rate among the 420 smokers reached as low as 3.1% (13 persons). The most important reason for the failure of the attempts to quit smoking was stress for more than 60% of the smokers who attempted to stop. Conclusions: It seems that a powerful anti-smoking policy by the state targeting the nation's workers is necessary. For companies, mediation for workers' job stress can become a strategy for the success of non-smoking attempts. The government seems to require a practical policy to reduce the smoking rate by actively carrying out social, economic, and scientific research to come up with a reduction method for the cigarette hazard, an effective price hike policy, and other non-price policies.
Objectives: To compare the health behaviors of widowed women with those of currently married women. Methods: We randomly sampled the subjects from the Jeollanamdo Resident Registration Data and we then selected 2,331 widowed women and 4,775 married women. Well-trained examiners measured the height, weight, blood pressure and abdomen circumference, and the women were interviewed with using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios(OR) of the two groups. Results: The smoking rate (OR=2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]1.65, 3.66) was significantly higher for the widowed women. On the contrary, the awareness rate of a smoking cessation campaign (OR=0.80; 95% CI=0.70, 0.92), a quit tobacco telephone line (OR=0.73; 95% CI =0.61, 0.88) and a quit smoking clinic (OR=0.74; 95% CI=0.62, 0.89) were lower for the widowed women. The rate of receiving a health exam (OR=0.80; 95% CI=0.70, 0.91), the rate of undergoing gastric cancer screening (OR=0.77; 95% CI=0.68, 0.88), breast cancer screening (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.69, 0.89), cervix cancer screening in the last 2 years (OR=0.81; 95% CI=0.71, 0.92), colon cancer screening in the last 5 years (OR=0.74; 95% CI=0.63, 0.87) were significantly lower for the widowed women. Conclusions: This study revealed that the health behaviors are significantly different between the widowed women and the married women. To improve the health behaviors of the widowed women, further study and research that will investigate the socioeconomic and environmental factors that affect the health behaviors of widowed women will be needed.
흡연은 전신뿐 아니라 구강에서 발생하는 다양한 질병의 중요한 위험 인자이며, 치과의사가 금연 치료에 참여하는 것은 개인의 전신 건강과 치주치료와 임플란트 치료 같은 치과 치료의 예후에도 큰 차이를 보여주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 흡연이 구강암과 같은 생명을 위협하는 비교적 흔치 않은 질병으로부터 경미한 구강 내 증상에 이르기까지 구강 환경에 다양한 영향성과 관련한 많은 근거가 있음에도 불구하고, 흡연과 구강건강의 관련성에 대한 환자들의 인식 수준을 조사한 연구는 적고, 금연진료에 대한 국내 치의학계의 관심과 참여는 더욱 부족하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 국내 치과 외래 환자의 흡연 양상과 치과계의 금연 진료 현황을 파악하여 금연 진료 방향을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 대한치과의사협회 문화복지부의 후원으로 전국 11개 치과대학병원의 구강내과, 구강외과 및 치주과 환자 중 825명이 니코틴 패치를 이용한 4주 금연 프로그램 및 설문에 참여하였고, 297명이 금연 설문에 참여하였다. 각 설문지 분석을 통해 각 치과대학병원의 조사 현황, 치과 외래 환자의 흡연 양상을 분석하였고, 치과에서 시행된 4주간의 금연 치료의 참여목적과 성공률을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면, 흡연자는 주로 30-50대 중 장년층이 많았고, 흡연기간은 연령 증가에 비례하며, 하루 흡연량은 30대에서 가장 많았다. 금연시도는 30,40대에서 금연시도 비율이 높았고 그 기간은 대부분 1-3개월이었다. 흡연의 이유로는 스트레스 해소와 습관이 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으며 Heavy Smoking Index (HSI)는 20대가 가장 낮고 (71.4%) 60대가 가장 높았다(93.7%). 흡연 경고 문구에 대해 참가자의 68%는 금연을 떠올렸다. 구강질환(구강점막질환, 치주질환, 치아우식증)과 흡연의 관련성에 대한 실험참가자들의 인식도는 비교적 높았지만(50~68%) 금연 성공률은 일반 의과진료실에 비해 아주 낮은 결과를 보였다(22.7%). 흡연관련 질환 예방 업무에서의 치과의사의 중요성을 고려할 때, 금연치료에 치과의사들이 보다 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 인식의 변화가 필요하다. 낮은 치료 성공율이 체계화되지 못한 진료내용 때문임을 고려할 때, 5As' 방법 등과 같은 금연관련 상담에 대한 지속적인 치과의사 교육과 환자 교육을 위한 다양한 자료의 개발을 통해 금연 성공률을 높일 수 있도록 해야 한다.
Tobacco has become the world's leading cause of deaths and diseases. And !be tobacco use and dependence itself is a kind of diseases, so-called "mental and be-havioural disorders due to use of tobacco" in "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD-10)" and "Korean Standard Classification of Diseases". The tobacco use and dependence is a chronic disease that requires repeated clinical interventions and multiple attempts to quit. But effective treatments to the tobacco use and dependence are developed and exist that can significantly increase the rate of long-tenn smoking abstinence. So the physicians should warn smoking patients about the dangers of smoking to the health and the life, and the clinicians ought to provide one of more of the treatments which have been proven effective in helping smokers quit to smoke. It has been concluded that if a doctor failed to provide effective treatment for smokers, and the smokers subsequently died of the smokers-related conditions(tobaccosis) or became incapacitated by the tobaccosis the smokers were considered in the medical malpractice. Thus the smokers could sue the physician for medical malpractice, claiming that the doctor's legal responsibility of appropriate treatments including smoking-cessation which the physician deliberately or negligently breached.
The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of stop smoking. The data on which the analysis was based come from a survey of 355 middle-aged men in Seoul. The data was analyzed using proportion, x²-test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The following were the results; 1. Success rate of stop smoking is 19.9% of 229 persons who attempted to quit smoking. 2. As for the number of quit attempts, 33.3% of ex-smokers tried once; 25.4% of current smokers tried twice. 3. As for methods of quit attempts ex-smokers showed higher tendency in using will power and books/guides than current smokers who in using will power alone. 4. For the attitudes on smoking of family, the majority of ex-smokers and current smokers were opposed absolutely. 5. The main opposite to smoking were wives in cases of both ex-smokers and current smokers, but More ex-smokers answered that the main opposite to smoking were others than current smokers. 6. As for the measures of smoking in the office, more ex-smokers answered inviting than current smokers and more current smokers assigned a smoking spot than ex-smokers. 7. Majority of ex-smokers approve of restriction at public spot strongly. 8. As for the attitude about caution on a cigarette case, more ex-smokers insisted than current smokers. 9. There was a relation between the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge. 10. Stepwise Multiple Regression portray that following factors influence stop smoking in order named. (1) attitude on the smoking restriction at public spot, (2) methods of quit attempt, (3) attitude about caution on cigarette case. Even so, it turned out that these factors alone can explain only 20% of self-examination. Therefore study for the other factors ought to be continued. I submit following suggestions ending this study. 1. Continuous study of the other factors affecting stop smoking must be carried on. 2. Since there was a relation the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge, efficient health education is required using campaign and mass media.
Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the smoking behaviors and the relationship between smoking and other health behaviors among medical students. Methods : A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,775 students from four medical schools between April and May 2003. Due to the small number of female smokers, the characteristics of smoking behaviors were analyzed only for males. Results : A total of 1,367 students (920 males and 447 females) completed the questionnaires, with an overall response rate of 77.7%. The smoking rates for males and females were 31.5, and 2.2%, respectively. Among the male smokers, 70.7% smoked daily, and 39.0% smoked one pack or more per day. Male students on medical course were more likely to smoke daily, and one pack or more per day, than those on premedical course. Male daily smokers desired to quit smoking less than occasional smokers, and 65.0% of male daily smokers were not ready to quit compared with 37.8% of the occasional smokers. Among the male daily smokers, 29.6% were severely nicotine dependent. The most common reason for not to quit smoking among male smokers was 'no alternative stress coping method' (44.4%), followed by 'lack of will power' (25.4%), and 'no need to quit' (19.4%). Compared with male non-smokers, male smokers were more likely to drink alcohol more often and in larger amounts, take coffee more often, eat breakfast less regularly, and be overweight or obese. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that many male medical students were serious smokers, especially those on medical course. It is necessary to install a smoking prevention program for pre-medical students, provide effective smoking cessation methods for smokers, teach positive stress coping methods, and make the school environment suitable for coping with stress.
To investigate the actual condition of the adult-smoking in Chinan County. I used self-reporting questionnaires among 923 residents living in nine districts selected at random among the sites of eleven eup-myons from December 28. 1998 to January 6. 1999. collected data and analyized using SPSS. The smoking rate of adults in Chinan County was $36.9\%$. There was a significant difference in smoking rate according to the age. gender, education and job among general characteristics. The smoking rate in group of above 40s was about $40\%$ and that of the male took $55.5\%$ which was higher than that of female and the smoking rate of the people having high-school education was the highest$(46.2\%)$. With regard to the career. the smoking rate of the farmers ranked first$(46.1\%)$. Therefore anti-smoking business for smokers should be focused on above 40 years old, males. people having high school education and farmers. As the result of the survey of smoking habits of 340 people who smoke currently, the average smoking begining age was 21.8 and $81.5\%$ among them was between 16-25 years old. $4.4\%$ was under 15. during around the elementary school. Most motives to smoke were as followed; curiosity or taste$(33.6\%)$, relief of stress $(31.2\%)$, peer presure$(26.5\%)$ And considering the amount of the cigarette which is smoked per day, the case which is less than a pack of cigarettes was highest as $75.5\%$ and the people who smoke over one pack of cigarettes took $24.5\%$. As for the kind of tobacco which is smoked, how to smoke and the desire for the smoking, most case was toxin was moderate$(47.8\%)$ or mild$(46.9\%)$. shallowly$(49.0\%)$ or deeply$(46.3\%)$ and under stress$(33.4\%)$. after meals$(27.8\%)$, during drink$(15.7\%)$ and so on. The highest point marked among the factors of smoking motives was 'the reduce of negative emotion' $(3.27\pm1.00)$. followed by 'uncomfortable habits' $(2.87\pm1.02)$, 'addiction' $(2.84\pm1.06)$. 'habit' $(2.74\pm1.12)$. 'pleasure' $(2.70\pm1.04)$. 'stimulus' $(2.59\pm.90)$, 'sensation-exercise satisfaction' $(2.42\pm.97)$. Smokers smoke to reduce the negative emotions when angry in most common case. depressed. anxious. uncomfortable. lone. ashamed or embarrased. and intend to solve the certain problem. etc. Other motives are uncomfortable habit. addiction. habit. pleasure and the pursuit of stimulus. The level of nicotine dependence of adults m Chinan County was 10.57 which amount to 'high' wholly. As the resulf of the level of nicotine dependence score. the people who are low in the level of nicotine was $33.5\%$. the people who are high was $48.2\%$. very high was $18.4\%$. The approach for anti-smoking for smokers should be conducted differently according to the level of the nicotine. For the people who are in low level of nicotin dependence the prohibition of the smoking should be guided through the approach to foster strong will. for those who are in 'high' by acquiring proper method for the prohibition of smoking. and for those who are 'very high' the anti-smoking should be induced by providing proper program because of the possibility of the suffer from abstinence syndrome. The difference of the level of nicotine with the general characteristics of the objects had not statistically significant difference. The difference of the level of nicotine dependence accompanied by smoking habit had statistically significant difference according to the amount of smoke, the kind of tobacos. smoke inhale habit. In other words, the group of heavy smokers had higher level of the nicotine dependence than that of the light smokers relatively and the group which smoke strong taboaco has higher level of nicotine than that of which smoke mild or moderate. And the group of smokers who smoke deeply has higher level of nicotine than that who smoke shallowly or nonswallow. Aa a result of the analysis of the correlation between smoking motive factors and the level of nicotine, there was the indication that people who smoke for the decrease of the negative emotion. habit, pleasure. stimulus. sensation-exercise satisfaction had high level of the nicotine dependence. As the result of the anti-smoking will of smokers. $65.0\%$ of them had prohibition of smoking will. $29.3\%$ had no will to quit smoke. The most important reason for anti-smoking was health. $67.9\%$ had experience to try to quit smoke and the biggest reason to fail to quit smoking was the lack of the will power to keep anti-smoking. $52.8\%$ of them were advised to stop smoking from their spouses or children. only $2.8\%$ were by medical. The people who have the opinion to need anti-smoking education were $69.6\%$. Therefore when the business for the hygine of the mouth for adult is set. it should be centered on the people who have intention of prohibition of the smoking and help to quit smoking by way of other affirmative counter-program not smoking under stress.
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