• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.194-204
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between types and sources of background knowledges of elementary preteachers' questions about astronomy contents in the elementary science text books. Data were extracted from the preteachers' classes established in a university of education. The results are as follows. First, right background knowledges of questions were found in about 58% questions, wrong background knowledges 15%, and no background knowledges 26%. Second, it was found that 'school' as a source of background knowledges was found in 29% questions, 'friend' 21%, 'internet' 14%, 'book reading' 12%, 'others' 9%, 'TV' 7%, 'institute' 4%. In case of the type that right background knowledges have casual relation or correlation with question contents, 'book reading' and 'TV' sources rate increased, but 'internet' and 'others' decreased when compared to total questions. In the type which background knowledges are right and did not have casual relation or correlation with question contents, 'internet' source rate increased and 'friend' decreased. In case of the type that wrong background knowledges do not have casual relation or correlation with question contents, 'friend' and 'TV' sources rate increased, but 'school' and 'book reading' decreased. The type which background knowledges are right and did not have casual relation or correlation with question contents, 'internet' source rate increased and 'friend' decreased. In case of the type of no background knowledges, 'TV' and 'institute' source rate increased, but 'internet' and 'book reading' decreased. Third, the questions in 'Earth and Moon' unit have little background knowledges. The questions in 'solar system and stars' have background knowledges with no relation to the questions. Especially, in the unit 'changes of seasons', right background knowledges were found in more than half questions, but the contents of questions and background knowledges were not connected scientifically.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.313-324
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• 1999

What we will be concerned with is, first, the question of the condition about $\mathcal{L}$ that gives Alg$\mathcal{L}$ a von Neumann algebra, that is, the question of the condition about $\mathcal{L}$ that will give Alg$\mathcal{L}$ a self-adjoint algebra. Secondly, if Alg$\mathcal{L}$ is a von Neumann algebra, we want to find out what type it is.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2006년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.140-143
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 최상급 질의에 대한 정답을 추출하는 질의-응답시스템에 대해 기술한다. 최상급 질의란 "가장", "제일", "처음", "최고의", "최대의", "최소의", "최초로", "최초의" 등의 최상급 단서 어휘를 포함하고 있는 질의를 말한다. 최상급 질의는 4가지 주요 성분-최상급 단서 어휘, 정답유형, 지역정보, 용언-과 기타 문장 성분으로 구성된다. 이 중 최상급 단서 어휘는 자신이 수식하는 용언을 반드시 필요로 하느냐에 따라 두 가지 유형으로 나뉘며, 이는 정답 추출을 위한 필수요소를 결정하는 기준이 된다. 모든 최상급 질의에 대해 최상급 단서 어휘, 정답유형, 지역정보는 정답을 추출하기 위한 필수요소이지만, 용언은 최상급 단서 어휘의 유형에 따라 필수요소로 결정된다. 본 논문의 시스템은 최상급 질의 분석을 통하여 정답 추출을 위한 필수요소를 찾고, 이를 이용하여 후보 문서와 후보 문장을 검색한 후, 정답을 추출한다. 실험 결과 최상급 질의에 대한 높은 정확률과 재현율을 보였다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.551-557
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the questions in the 'Matter' units of elementary science textbooks under the 7th curriculum. For the analysis, a total of 338 questions were extracted from 15 units. Six criteria (recalling, recognizing, predictive, applied, divergent, and evaluative question) were reconstructed for textbook question analysis based on Blosser(1973)'s question category system for science. The results were as follows. First, there were more closed (recalling, recognizing, predictive, or applied) questions (72.2%) than open (divergent or evaluative) questions (27.8%) in elementary science textbooks. Second, cognitive-memory (recalling or recognizing) question type was the most frequently asked in all grade levels. Open (divergent or evaluative) questions increased according to grade level whereas convergent (predictive or applied) questions decreased. Third, question types were applied based on the characteristics of each unit rather than on children's developmental characteristics. Educational implications were discussed based on the results.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

In this paper, we describe a generation mechanism of semantic-based queries for high accuracy information retrieval and question answering. It is difficult to offer the correct retrieval result because general information retrieval systems do not analyze the semantic of user's natural language question. We analyze user's question semantically and extract semantic features, and we .generate semantic-based queries using them. These queries are generated using the se-mantic-based question analysis grammar and the query generation rule. They are represented as semantic features and grammatical morphemes that consider semantic and syntactic structure of user's questions. We evaluated our mechanism using 100 questions whose answer type is a person in the TREC-9 corpus and Web. There was a 0.28 improvement in the precision at 10 documents when semantic-based queries were used for information retrieval.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.1085-1093
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• 2016

커뮤니티 기반 질의 응답 시스템은 사용자 질의에 대한 정답을 인터넷 커뮤니티에 사용자들이 게시했던 문서 중에서 선택하여 제공하는 시스템이다. 기존 방법들은 질의 분석의 성능 향상을 위하여 목적 영역에 적합한 규칙을 구축하거나 일부 처리 과정에 기계 학습을 적용하였다. 하지만 기존 방법들은 적용 영역을 확장하거나 수정하는 경우 많은 비용이 소요되며 경우에 따라서는 시스템이 특정 영역에 과적합되는 경우가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 커뮤니티 기반 질의-응답 시스템의 효과적인 처리를 위해서 시스템의 각 과정에 적합한 기계 학습 방법을 적용하여 전체 과정을 자동화하는 다중 기계학습 방법을 제안한다. 제안 시스템은 사용자 질의를 분석하는 부분과 정답 문서를 선택하는 부분으로 나눌 수 있다. 질의 분석 과정은 질의의 초점 구문을 분석하는 질의 핵심부 추출기와 질의의 주제를 분류하는 질의 유형 분류기로 구성하였으며, 전자는 조건부 무작위장을 사용하고 후자는 지지 벡터 기계를 사용한다. 정답 문서 선택에서는 유사도 측정에서 사용하는 가중치를 인공 신경망으로 학습한다. 또한 인터넷에 커뮤니티에 게시된 데이터는 형태소 분석 결과를 신뢰할 수 없는 경우가 많이 발생한다. 따라서 음절 자질을 사용하여 질의를 분석 단계에서 형태소 분석의 영향을 최소화하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 Mean Average Precision 기준으로 0.765, R-Precision 기준으로 0.872의 성능을 보여 기존 시스템보다 성능이 우수하다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권1_2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2003

질의응답 시스템이 올바른 답변을 제시하기 위해서는 사용자의 의도를 정확하고 강건하게 파악하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이러한 요구 사항을 만족시키기 위해서 본 논문에서는 실용적 실의응답 시스템을 위한 질의 유형 분류기를 제안한다 제안된 실의 유형 분류기는 규칙 기반의 방법과 통계 기반의 방법을 접목시킨 하이브리드 방법을 사용한다. 제안된 방법을 사용함으로써 수동으로 규칙을 작성하는 시간을 줄일 수 있었고 정확률을 향상시킬 수 있었으며 안정성을 보장받을 수 있었다 제안된 방법에 대한 실험에서 질의 유형을 분류하는데 80%의 정확률을 얻었다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.636-651
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• 2000

In these days, SNCF replace the connector wire (M-T type) with a dropper has a equivalent role and function of the one in general lines of TGV, and change the connector wire (T-T-M-M-T-T, T-T-M-M-T type, etc) into a New one has more flexible cable in parallel lines (air section air joint, etc) of TGV. The Connector wire has many problems according to a flow of excessive circulation current (or traction current) and a sudden rise of temperature on catenary when electric locomotive is running in high speed. To solve the question at issue of the connector wire in high speed railway catenary system of Fiance, SNCF return their operating experience in TGV lines to design and execution of catenary system Therefore, we have to deal with the question in design and execution of catenary system for kyoungbu HSR line because we will spend a lot of time and more money for maintenance than for construction of that.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze question's patterns in elementary school science teacher's guide books of 5, 6th grade under the 2009 revised curriculum. A modified analysis framework based on Blosser's classified system was used to analyze 1,982 questions extracted from elementary science teacher's guide books by grade, by domain, and by teaching and learning stage. The findings of this study were as follows. First, of the 1,982 questions, the most prominent type of question was the propositional question and the following was the reproductive question. And, in comparing the question's patterns between 5, 6th grade, it was found that 6th grade had higher rate of close typed question, while 5th grade had higher rate of open typed question in its curriculum. Secondly, a comparative study about two domains, material and energy science domain and earth and life science domain, showed that the number of questions of each domain was not much different. However, it was found that propositional questions and applicable questions showed a higher rate in material and energy science domain, and anticipated questions and open typed questions including divergent and evaluative question showed higher rate in earth and life science domain. Moreover, although the total number of questions from integration and my fun research domain's contents was small, the rate of open typed questions was higher than any other domains. Finally, as a result of comparing and analyzing question's pattern in teaching and learning stages, the rate of reproductive question and anticipated questions was high at the stage of introduction. At the stage of development, the rate of propositional and reproductive questions was high. At the stage of conclusion, the rate of synthetic and applicable questions was high.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2003

Objectives : To evaluate the properness and effectiveness of the question categories concerning 'total physiognomy', used in Iksan Wonkwang Oriental Medicine. Methods: We statistically analyzed data from those 1335 patients focussing on 'relative discrimination ability' to sasang constructions and 'response ratio'. Patients included in this research are only those who had been well treated in Iksan Wonkwang Oriental Medicine during the Period of three years from 2000 to 2002. The data are obtained through the electronic chart developed by Kim Jong-Yeol, and analyzed using the statistical Package SPSS. Results: The first category for discriminating Taeum type, 'heavy and looking steady', has more discriminating power and effectiveness among women than men, and especially in wemen with an age of 21 or more. The second category for discriminating Soeum type, 'delicate and modest', is more discriminating and effective among men than women, and mostly among men with ages 21-40. The third category for Soyang type, 'fast and brave', is almost equally discriminating and effective to both women and men, especially among women with ages 40 or less and among men with ages 21 or more. Finally, the forth category for discriminating Taeyang type, 'progressive', is neither discriminating nor effective among most the women than men in all age groups. Conclusions: The definition of 'relative discriminating power of constitution' and 'response ratio' are well evaluating the properness and effectiveness of the question categories regarding 'total physiognomy'. The first category is most discriminating and effective among women with ages 20 or less, and the second among 21-40 year old men, the third among women with ages 40 or less and among men with ages 21 or over. The forth category is neither discriminating nor effective.