• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.223-236
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• 2003

The vegetation in this study area was divided into 10 plant communities: Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serratea, Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. dentata, Carpinus coreana, Betula davurica and 3 afforestations; Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Castanea crenata. The dominant species in each stratum as determined by R-NCD appeared to be Q. acutissima, P. densiflora, Platycarya strobilacea, Sorbus alnifolia and Q. aliena in the tree-2 layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum, P. strobilacea, Q. serrata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima in the shrub layer, and Carex lanceolata, C. humilis, R. mucronulatum, Mischanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Oplismenus undulatifolius in the herb layer. The distribution of diameter at breast height(DBH) showed the highest percentage (56%) in the range of 2∼10㎝ in the study area and it was investigated as being in the restoration phase after disturbance. The average of the age of trees was under 40-years-od. The pH of soil collected at each site appeared to be within the range between 4.53 and 5.10(the average of 4.73) in each community, organic matters appeared higher than the value in Q. mongolica, P. rigida, C. crenata communities compared to P. thunbergii, P. densiflora communities. And soil organic matters and total nitrogen were highly correlated with their contents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1988

This study was excuted to analyze the vegetational community structure of the Hongrudong valley the Mt. Gaya by three kinds of ordination techniques (polar, principal component analysis, reciprocal averaging). Eleven sites were sampled with the clumped method to analyze the vegetation structure. The result suggested that Hongrudong valley forest was divided by Pinus densiflora and Quercus aliena community. The relation between stand scores of ordination and soil pH, humus content, soil moisture had a tendency to increase significantly from P. densiflora to Q. aliena community. RA was the most effective method of this study. RA ordination was showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densijlora through Q. variabilis to Q. aliena, Carpinus laxiflora in the upper layer and from Lespedeza cyrtobotrva, Rhus spp., Rhododendron schlippenbachii through Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba to Euonymus oxyphyllus, Weigela subsessilis, Callicarpa japonica in the middle layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1998

The Mt. Cheongok is located at the northern part of Kyungsangpookdo from $37^{\circ}$ 00' 00" to $37^{\circ}$ 05' 00" latitude and from $128^{\circ}$ 55' 00" to $129^{\circ}$ 00' 00" longitude. The altitude of the summit is 1,276.5m. This study was carried out to classify forest communities by the methods of Z${\ddot{u}}$rich-Montepellier schools. And, it also might be useful for selection of plant species, forest conservation, and prompting vegetation succession. The forest vegetation in Mt. Cheongok was classified into 12 communities, 4 groups, and 4 subgroups. Rhododendron micranthum subgroup of Pinus densiflora for. erecta community and Fraxinus mandshurica community were not found in cool temperate forest, southern zone yet. According to the coincidence method, Pines densiflora for. erecta community was mainly distributed from altitude 450m to 1,100m and from upper slope to ridge, and Quercus mongolica community was dominanced in the range of over altitude 700m. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in upper slope and ridge, is judged to be maintained in the future. But Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in below middle slope, is judged to be changed into deciduous hardwood forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 1992

This study eras carried out to investigate the ecological changes on the plant community at erosion controlled area in Yoju-gun, Kyonggi-do. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The depth of organic matters in the soil profile from 4 to 14 years was estimated to be $Y_{(cm)}=0.436X_{(yr)}-0.931$(r=0.978), and 02 layer was $Y_{(cm)}=0.339_{(yr)}-0.931$ (r=0.954). 2. On upper plant layer. Alnus spp. was decreased, on an average, 32% of relative coverage, 12.4% of relative density and 16.8% of relative frequency in each plot for 3 years, as this area was damaged by Agelastica coerulea Baly for 2-3 years. 3. On upper plant layer, relative coverage of Pinus spp. was increased after 6, 7 years in erosion controlled area and was taked the highest plant (more then 40%) from 10 to 14 years. 4. On lower plant layer, relative density of Quercus ssp. (these species has not been planted and sown on erosin controlling) was increased all the plot. 5. The increase of the whole crown projection area was estimated to be $Y_{(m^2)}=18.020X_{(yr)}+18.834$(r=0.954) 6. The biomass was estimated to be 14.88t/ha on elapsed 6 years, 22.84t/ha on 8 years, 35.08t/ha on 10 years, 47.80t/ha on 12 years, 58.13t/ha on 14 years.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 1982

In order to investigate the annual mean equilibrium moisture content(EMC), the equilibrium moisture content investigated were the desorbed and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content with two end-matched samples for red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Douglas fir (Pseadotsuga menziesii Franco), oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer) and red lauan (Shorea spp.) in instrument screen at forest experiment station located in Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon, Kyungju, Jinju and Gwangju area for four years (1970. 1 - 1973. 12). The results summarized were as follows. 1. The annual mean desorbed equilibrium moisture content of red pine, Douglar fir, oak and red lauan were 14.8, 13.7, 14.0 and 14.2 percent respectively and higher than the annual mean adsorbed equilibrium moisture content of those species. 2. The annual mean desorbed - and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content in central areas (Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon) were higher than those in southern areas (Kyungju, Jinju, Gwangju). 3. On the whole, the monthly mean desorbed - and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content were lowest in April and highest in August though difference of month in areas. 4. Average and range of annual national equilibrium moisture content was 12.3 ~ 14.2 ~ 15.7 percent for desorbed equilibrium moisture content and 11.3 ~ 13.2 ~ 14.7 percent for adsorbed equilibrium moisture content and 12.0 ~ 14.1 ~ 16.4 percent for calculated equilibrium moisture content based on tempera ture and humidity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.109-117
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• 1982

In order to investigate the annual mean equilibrium moisture content (EMC), the equilibrium moisture content investigated were the desorbed - and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content with two end-matched samples for red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Douglas fir (Pseadotsuga menziesii Franco), oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer) and red lauan (Shorea spp.) in instrument screen at forest experiment station located in Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon, Kyungju, Jinju and Gwangju area for four years (1970. 1 - 1973. 12). The results summarized were as follows. 1. The annual mean desorbed equilibrium moisture content of red pine, Douglar fir, oak and red lauan were 14.8, 13.7, 14.0 and 14.2 percent respectively and higher than the annual mean adsorbed equilibrium moisture content of those species. 2. The annual mean desorbed - and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content in central areas (Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon) were higher than those in southern areas (Kyungju, Jinju, Gwangju). 3. On the whole, the monthly mean desorbed - and adsorbed equilibrium moisture content were lowest in April and highest in August though difference of month in areas. 4. Average and range of annual national equilibrium moisture content was 12.3 ~ 14.2 ~ 15.7 percent for desorbed equilibrium moisture content and 11.3 ~ 13.2 ~ 14.7 percent for adsorbed equilibrium moisture content and 12.0 ~ 14.1 ~ 16.4 percent for calculated equilibrium moisture content based on tempera.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2012

This study was carried out to understand the anatomical characteristics of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) and host tree of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) by the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. The branch diameter of host tree at the parasitic part by mistletoe is larger than that of non-parasitic part. In the mistletoe, phloem consists of bast fiber and parenchyma cell and xylem is composed of fiber, ray and axial parenchyma cell, and vascular tracheid. The volume of ray parenchyma cell is higher than common wood species and is heterocellular made up of procumbent, upright, and square cells in the mistletoe. In the vascular tracheid of mistletoe, coarse spiral thickenings and bordered pit are present. Due to the insertion of the mistletoe haustorium, some deformed vessels but no tylosis are observed in the mistletoe. The shapes of mistletoe haustorium are sharp, and the destruction of the host tree cells due to the insertion of the mistletoe haustorium are not identified.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.601-610
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• 2010

This study was carried out to classify vegetation structure of the southern and northern slopes in the Deogyusan National Park using TWINSPAN classification and DCCA ordination analysis. The vegetation on the southern slope was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. serrata community, Q. variabillis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Cornus controversa community and Fraxinus mandshurica community. The vegetation on the northern slope was classified into Q. mongolica community, Q. serrata community, P. densiflora community, C. laxiflora community, Betula davurica community, C. controversa community, F. mandshurica community, B. costata community, Abies koreana community and Taxus cuspidata community. To find out important value in each slope, we took 103 districts on the southern slope and 137 districts on the northern slope. As the result, Q. mongolica was highest value in the southern and northern slopes, followed by P. densiflora, Q. serrata, Q. variabillis, Styrax obassia, Acer pseudosieboldianum in the southern slope, F. mandshurica, A. pseudosieboldianum, Q. serrata, C. laxiflora, C. controversa, C. cordata, Rhododendron schlippenbachii in the northern slope. Species distribution and ecological features had differences between the southern and northern slopes communities. As the result of DCCA ordination analysis, sea level and water availability had high correlation with community distribution. Besides, T-N, O.M., exchangeable Ca and pH did in the southern slope. And exchangeable Ca, pH also did in the northern slope.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of Sorbus commixta - native forests of South Korea were studied using phytosociological procedures and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special respect to species correlations, importance values, and constancy classes. Vegetation types were divided (great division) into Tripterygium regelii - Quercus mongolica (Inland high mountain type) and Acer takesimense - Fague crenata var. multinervis (Ulleung Island type) and ten accompanying vegetation units. In between S. commixta and life-farms, 120 correlations were positive with 23 of these having a p-value < 0.01 for trees, 21 for shrubs, 10 for woody vines, and 25 for herbs. In trees, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and A. takesimense and T. insularis on the $1\%$ level. In shrubs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Sasa kurilensis, Callicarpa japonica, Ligustrum foliosum on the $5\%$ level. In woody vines, there was a negative correlation between S. commixta and Tripterygium regelii and Actinidia rufa on the $1\%$ level. In herbs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Majanthemim dilatatum and Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea on the $1\%$ level.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

Rural areas dominate country landscape, where the population is rich in traditional and natural heritage. Dangsan forests and Rural community forests (RCF) have been maintained by local residents for hundreds of years. However, many of these forests have been disturbed, and only small amount of Dangsan forests and the RCF remain due to the efforts of local residents. Recently, the remnants of Dangsan forests and RCF have been regarded as living traditional landscapes representing the cultural and rural background of Korea. But the value of Dangsan forests and the RCFs has not been recognized by many. This study aims to understand the characteristics and management status of Dangsan forests in Sungnam-ri, Wonju. Sungnam-ri has four villages, each of which is bordered by a Dangsan forest at the riparian buffer. Sungnam-ri has been selsected as a site for a rural village development project by the Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea. Sunghwanglim (the Upper Dangsan forest) is designated as Natural Monument No.93 and entrance is limited in this area. The size of Sunghwanglim is $21,133m^2$, and the major tree species are Kalopanax pictus (Dangsan tree, Divine tree), Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Acer triflorum, Ulmus davidiana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata. In total, 124 trees with more than 40 cm in DBH are at this site. As for cultural activities, the Dangsan festival is held on April 8th and September 9th of the lunar calendar at shrines in the forests. Although other Dangsan forests are smaller than Sunghwanglim, they also have similar cultural activities. The landscape of the Dangsan forests have been managed for several hundred years by the local people, and they intend to continue maintaining the Dangsan forests for the purpose of festivals and other cultural activities. The findings in this study suggest that Dangsan forests have the potential for the development of rural villages and for the improvement of cultural and natural landscapes in Korea.