• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.407-421
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• 2000

The forest vegetation surrounding Taegu area was investigated by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology, from September, 1994 to August, 1997. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, 8 subcommunities and 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community (Typical subcommunity, Carex siderosticta subcommunity), Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus dentate community, Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community (Typical subcommunity, Quercus serrata subcommunity, Cornus controversa subcommunity), Pinus densiflora community (Typical subcommunity, Sanguisorba officinalis subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Lespedeza maximowiczii-Rhododendron mucronulatum community , Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Larix leptolepis afforestation, Pinus thunbergii afforestation, Pinus koraiensis afforestation. The differential species of the Quercus mongolica community were Quercus mongolica, Athyrium yokoscense, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Weigela subsessilis, and Melampyrum roseum, those of the Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community were Acer mono, Carpinus cordata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Staphylea bumalda, those of the Pinus densiflora community were Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Cocculus trilobus, and Juniperus rigida. Constance degree of the Quercus serrate was especially high in shrub and herb layers of the Pinus densiflora community. The results of factor analysis by DCA showed that distribution pattern of the communities were similar to that by Z-M method and that communities were arranged according to soil moisture gradient. Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity of the P. densiflora community and the Typical subcommunity of the Q. mongolica community were distributed in similar environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

Vegetation structure of Seokseong fortress in Buyeo-Gun was investigated to suggest a desirable management proposal. Communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus rigida-Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community. The importance value of Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Pinus thunbergii, and Quercus acutissima were 127.06, 70.29, 69.63, 12.39 and 8.57. According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis will be continuously increased. It should be prepared that vegetation management plan over the castle wall should be considered before the repair or restoration of castle wall. Vegetation management around castle wall should be carried out according to the mid or long-term plan and it would be needed to consider the gradual changes from planted Pinus rigida to the historical vegetation of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.37-45
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• 2008

The vascular plants of the studied area in Nonsan economical forest growing site appeared to be 341 taxa; 81 families, 218 genera, 290 species, 1 subspecies, 42 varieties and 9 forms. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 5 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Thalictrum actaefolium, Asperula lasiantha, Populus tomentiglandulosa (Planted species), Paulownia coreana (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 13 taxa; Cirsium setidens in class III, Potentilla dickinsii in class II, Cephalotaxus koreana, Pinus koraiensis (Planted species), Hosta capitata, Juglans mandshurica, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Gwenia biloba var. parviflora, Vaccinium oldhami, Trigonotis icumae in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 9 families, 19 genera, 20 species, 1 varieties, 21 taxa and naturalization rate was 6.1% of all 341 taxa vascular plants. The communities were classified into Quercus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Platycarya strobilacea community, Quercus aliena community of natural forests and Pinus rigida community, Metasequoia glyptostroboides community, Larix leptolepis community of artificial forests.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1987

The forest vegetation of Mt. Chil-gab was studied from 1983 to 1984. By Z-M method, the actual vegetation was classified into 8 communities and 1 plantation; Quercus variabilis, Q. variabilis-Styrax obassia, Q variabilis-Q. dentata, Q. varisbilid-Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis, Zelkova serrata-Styrax japonica, Capinus laxiflora, Pinus densiflora community and Larix leptolepts plantation (on the mountain foot) community. The plant communities of Q. variabilis and S. japonica as edaphic climax, in terms of the isopleth line of warmth index. Based on the data of vegetation survey and environmental analysis, the actual vegetation map and potential natural vegetation map were perpared with scale of 1/25, 000.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.79-89
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• 2012

This study was compared to the differences in the habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area in Korea. Plant number in plot of revegetation and nature area was 10.3 and 15.0 taxa, respectively, and coverage was 90.6 and 88.1%, respectively. Revegetation and nature area was very heterogeneous, due to low similarity index (0.38) and less common plants. Festuca arundinacea frequency (56.7%) was highest in revegetation area, and Oplismenus undulatifolius frequency (66.7%) was highest in nature area. Plant appearing of revegetation and nature area was 111 and 136 taxa, respectively. Herb appearing of revegetation and nature areas was 93 (83.3%) and 72 (52.9%) taxa, respectively, tree was 18 (16.2%) and 64 (47.1%) taxa, respectively. Plant communities of revegetation area was classified into Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera amblyantha, Alnus sibirica, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Miscanthus sinensis, Humulus japonicus, Setaria faberii, Rudbeckia bicolor, Pueraria lobata community. Plant communities of nature area was classified into Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides community. Habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area showed a large difference.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.649-653
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• 2002

The vegetation of Seoimal-lighthouse area was investigated from August, 2001 to July, 2002. In order to analyze the vegetation of this area, synthesis table, actual vegetation map were prepared. The main community structures of this area represent evergreen broad-leaf community(about 48%), which are very good condition(nearly last sere) to preserve and 11communities(Camellia japonica community, Castanopsis cuspidnta var. thunbergii community, Neolitsea sericea community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus corenna community, Srtrax japonica community, Pinus thunbergii community, Quercus acutissima community, Zelkova serrata community, Cinnamimum japonicum community) were classified by vegetation type. And Daphne kiusiana, Asirum maculatum, Cymbidium goeringii, Chloranthus glaber, Ligularia taguetii should be worthwhile species to conserve in this area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2008

In Korea, Quercus acutissima distributed in good condition with high nutrients and moisture content, but Quercus variabilis in dry soil or rock habitate. In order to understand this ecological distribution of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis, we cultivated the seedlings of two oak species treated with light, soil moisture and nutrient gradients each four level, from May to October in glass house. Then we measured the ecological niche breadth and niche overlap of the two species, and analyzed the relationship of competition using cluster analysis and PCA ordination. Ecological niche breadths of Q. acutissima under moisture and nutrient treatments were slightly wider than those under light one. Among 14 characters measured, 6 characters related with length items were wider in all the environmental treatments, but 8 characters connected with weight terms narrower in light treatment. Ecological niche breadths of Q. variabilis under moisture and nutrient treatment were wider than those of light one. Ecological niche of Q. acutissima was wider than those of Q. variabilis in all the environmental treatments. Ecological overlap between two species was higher with a range of 0.87$\sim$0.92, especially higher in soil moisture factor. These results means that Q. acutissima is more competitive than Q. variabilis, especially in soil moisture condition. Two species were ordinated with distinct group based on 9 characters. From these results, it can be explained that what Q. variabilis distributed in bad soil condition is due to the escape strategy, because of its low competitive ability to Q. acutissima in natural communities.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.13
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• pp.31-44
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• 1995

Mt. Kumjeong is located in south-eastern part of the Korean Peninsular($129^{\circ}$01' to $129^{\circ}$05' E, $35^{\circ}$03' to $35^{\circ}$17' N) and the altitude of the summit is 802 meter. In order to find out the vegetation units which made it possible to classify subtropical forest and south-temperate forest, Mt. Kumjeong (which is located in a border of between subtropical forest and south-temperate forest) was selected as a study area. The primary result of actual vegetation analysis in Mt. Kumjeong based upon the vegetation community analysis methods by the ZM-school, and the relationships between vegetation community and two parameters(altitude, topography) analyzed by using coincidence analysis method were summarized as followings. 1. Based upon analytic methods of the vegetation community by the ZM-schools, the primary analytic result of the analysis of vegetation community in Mt. Kumjeong was divided into 10 communities, 9 groups, 2 subgroups. 2. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community out of 16 vegetation units was thought as a indicator vegetation group which made it possible to border subtropical forest and south-temperate forest. 3. Natural regeneration of Stewartia koreana group was thought to be difficult because seedling and sapling was rarely showed, 4. In relationship between vegetation units and altitude, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Wisteria floribunda community,. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii community mainly distributed below altitude 500 meter, and Quercus mongolica community, Typical group of Pinus densiflora community, Quercus dentata community, Carpinus coreana community, Quercus acutissima community mainly distributed above altitude 500 meter. 5. In relationship between vegetation units and topography, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Wisteria floribunda community,. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community distributed below middle slope, Quercus mongolica community, Typical group of Pinus densifiora community, Quercus dentata community, Carpinus coreana community, Pinus thunbergii community Quercus acutissima communily clistributed above midclle slope.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2011

This text was analyzed and investigated the vegetation and floristic composition by cluster analysis and classification of phytosociological method, to evaluate the species composition, habitat environment and community structure of Liriope platyphylla and Liriope spicata group in Korea. The southeast slope gradient of the habitat of L. platyphylla and L. spicata was 6.7 to 8.4%, and the habitat altitude of L. platyphylla (41.0 m), L. spicata (114.9 m) was different. Habitat distribution of L. spicata was broader than L. platyphylla. Appearing plants of L. platyphylla and L. spicata group was 58 taxa, 99 taxa, respectively, and Coverage of tree layer was 87.5%, 92.5% respectively. In genus Liriope group, the highest appearing frequency of plant grow in the moist valley as Quercus serrata. Thus, plants of genus Liriope growth was better in moist shade. The vegetation of L. platyphylla group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community, and the Liriope spicata group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Quercus alien community, Quercus acutissima community, Prunus verecunda community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community. In genus Liriope group, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora communities was the closest the similarities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1435-1443
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• 2012

The changes of plant communities at Angol valley and Baetgol valley in Geoje-do were studied. Both ${\alpha}$-diversity and ${\gamma}$-diversity decreased with the sizes and degrees of habitat fragmentations. The mean number of winner species decreased with habitat fragmentation. All Quercus species, including Quercus acutissima, significantly declined in importance, while the many introduced species, including Trifolium pretense, all increased in importance. As the proportional change in adult survival rate increased, the absolute value of the bias in the elasticity prediction also increased from 2003 to 2011 at undisturbed forests. However, the bias was low for decreases in disturbed populations. Moran's I values showed overall decreases for habitat fragmentation and for the periods of habitat conversion. Eventually, plant communities, due to urbanization in Goeje-do, might have led to decreased chances of common species when the environment was disturbed.