• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.389-394
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• 2019

In the present study, we have investigated the effect of sintering process conditions on the stability of the austenite phase in the nanocrystalline Fe-5wt.%Mn-0.2wt.%C alloy. The stability and volume fraction of the austenite phase are the key factors that determine the mechanical properties of FeMnC alloys, because strain-induced austenite-martensite transformation occurs under the application of an external stress at room temperature. Nanocrystalline Fe-5wt.%Mn-0.2wt.%C samples are fabricated using the spark plasma sintering method. The stability of the austenite phase in the sintered samples is evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis and hardness test. The volume fraction of austenite at room temperature increases as the sample is held for 10 min at the sintering temperature, because of carbon diffusion in austenite. Moreover, water quenching effectively prevents the formation of cementite during cooling, resulting in a higher volume fraction of austenite. Furthermore, it is found that the hardness is influenced by both the austenite carbon content and volume fraction.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.303-313
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the effects of the mechanical properties and structural changes of the austenitized and tempered martensite STS 410 stainless steel containing 11.5~13%Cr and 0.10%C on its temper embrittlement. The STS 410 stainless steel test pieces for each 3 hours at 960℃, 1000℃ and then, tempered them for 2 hours at 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 450℃, 500℃, 550℃, 600℃, 650℃ and 700℃ known as the intervals vulnerable to temper embrittlement to observe the changes of their structures and mechanical properties. In case autenitizing was insufficient due to lower temperature of thermal treatment for solution, unsolved carbides and ferrites remained in the structure after quenching, which meant that the parts could wear out and corrode to embrittle at the room temperature. Elongation and impact energy changes with Tempering conditions showed minimum results in range of 400~500℃. The decrease in elongation and impact energy at 400~500℃ was the hardening effect of the subgrain due to the precipitation of many M₃C or M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆. And STS 410 stainless steel corrosion tested in 10% NaCl solution at 30℃ after tempering treatment. The degree of corrosion sensitization showed increasing tendency with increase of tempering temperature and Cr carbide precipitation were observed in grain boundary.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2024

In this study, the praseodymium-doped yttrium phosphate (YPO₄:Pr³⁺) powder, which is well known for its high luminescent efficiency, and long life in the UV range, was synthesized with various content ratios of Pr₆O₁₁ and calcination temperature. Crystal structure and luminescent properties of various phosphor powders based on different concentrations and calcination conditions were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and PL (photoluminescence) spectrometers. From the XRD analysis, the structure of YPO₄:Pr³⁺ which is calcinated at 1,200℃ was stable tetragonal phase and crystal size was calculated about 25 nm by Scherrer equation. PL emission of YPO₄:Pr³⁺ with a different content ratio of Pr₆O₁₁ by excitation λ_exc=250 nm shows that 0.75 mol% phosphor powder has maximum PL intensity and PL decreases with the increase of the ratio of Pr₆O₁₁ up to 1.25 mol% which is caused by changes of crystallinity of phosphor powders. With increasing dopant ratio, photo-luminescence Emission decreases due to Concentration quenching, which is commonly observed in phosphors. Currently, 0.75 mol% is considered the optimal doping concentration. A hybrid ultraviolet-emitting device incorporating YPO₄:Pr³⁺ fluorescent material with plasma discharge was fabricated to enhance UV germicidal effects while minimizing ozone generation. UV emission from the plasma discharge device was shown at about 200 nm and 350 nm which caused additional emission of the regions of 250 nm, 315 nm, and 370 nm from the YPO₄:Pr³⁺ phosphor.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2023

Background: Ecophysiological characteristics of Rosa rugosa were analyzed under different environmental factors from May to October 2022. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, leaf water content (LWC), osmolality, carbohydrate content, and total ion content were measured to compare the physiological characteristics of R. rugosa at two study sites (i.e., in large pots and in the Goraebul coastal sand dune area). Results: When R. rugosa was exposed to high temperatures, photosynthetic parameters including net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and stomatal conductance (g_s) in both experiment areas declined. In addition, severe photoinhibition occurs when R. rugosa is continuously exposed to high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and because of this, relatively low Y(II) (i.e., the quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II [PSII]) and high Y(NO) (i.e., the quantum yield of non-regulated, non-photochemical energy loss in PSII) in the R. rugosa of the pot were observed. As the high Y(NPQ) (i.e., the quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII) of R. rugosa in the coastal sand dune, they dissipated the excessed photon energy through the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanism when they were exposed to relatively low PAR and low temperature. Rosa rugosa in the coastal sand dune has higher chlorophyll a and carotenoid content. The high chlorophyll a + b and low chlorophyll a/b ratios seemed to optimize light absorption in response to low PAR. High carotenoid content played an important role in NPQ. As a part of the osmotic regulation in response to low LWCs, R. rugosa exposed to high temperatures and continuously high PAR used soluble carbohydrates and ions to maintain high osmolality. Conclusions: We found that F_v/F_m was lower in the potted plants than in the coastal sand dune plants, indicating the vulnerability of R. rugosa to high temperatures and PAR levels. We expect that the suitable habitat range for R. rugosa will shrink and move to north under climate change conditions.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.445-450
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• 2024

The expansion of lithium-ion battery usage beyond portable electronic devices to electric vehicles and energy storage systems is driven by their high energy density and favorable cycle characteristics. Enhancing the stability and performance of these batteries involves exploring solid electrolytes as alternatives to liquid ones. While sulfide-based solid electrolytes have received significant attention for commercialization, research on amorphous-phase glass solid electrolytes in oxide-based systems remains limited. Here, we investigate the glass transition temperatures and sintering behaviors by changing the molecular ratio of Li₂O/B₂O₃ in borate glass comprising Li₂O-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃ system. The glass transition temperature is decreasing as increasing the amount of Li₂O. When we sintered at 450℃, just above the glass transition temperature, the samples did not consolidate well, while the proper sintered samples could be obtained under the higher temperature. We successfully obtained the borate glass ceramics phases by melt-quenching method, and the sintering characteristics are investigated. Future studies could explore optimizing ion conductivity through refining processing conditions, adjusting the glass former-to-modifier ratio, and incorporating additional Li salt to enhance the ionic conductivity.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1999

천연 토양 속에 많이 존재하는 철광석인 goethite, magnetite와 과산화수소수를 이용해 펜톤 유사 반응(Fenton-like oxidation)을 유도하여 디젤과 등유가 같은 중량 비율로 오염된 silica sand를 회분식 시스템으로 처리하여 보았다. 과산화수소수의 pH(3, 7) 농도(0%, 1%, 7%, 15%, 35%), 초기 오염물의 농도(0.2, 0.5, 1.0 g-오염물/kg-모래), 그리고 철광석(iron minerals)의 양(0, 1, 5 wt % magnetite 또는 goethite)을 달리하여 반응조건들을 조사하였다. Silica sand-철광석-$H_2O_2$ system에서의 오염물의 분해는 잔존 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(TPH)의 농도를 분석하여 확인하였다. 최적 실험 pH는 3이었고, 철광석이 철공급원으로 사용된 경우가 $FeSO_4$ 용액이 철공급원으로 사용된 경우보다 과수의 소모가 적어서 더 효율적이었다. 초기 오염물의 농도 1.0 g-오염물/kg-모래(5 wt % magnetite)에 과산화수소수의 농도를 0%, 1%, 7%, 15%, 그리고 35%로 달리하여 본 결과 8일후 각각 0%, 24.5%, 44%, 50%, 그리고 70%의 TPH 감소를 보였다. 같은 오염물 농도하에서 15%의 과산화수소를 사용하고, 철광석의 양이 0, 1, 5, 10 wt %로 변화되었을 경우, 오염물의 제거량은 magnetite의 사용시 각각 0%, 33.5%, 50%, 60%, goethite의 사용시는 각각 0%, 29%, 41%, 53%이었다. Magnetite system은 iron(II)과 iron(III)이 공존하며, 미량의 철성분이 용해되므로 goethite system보다 오염물의 분해가 더 많이 일어나는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 용해된 철성분은 철광석 표면에 침전물의 형태로 쌓이게 되어 철광석 표면의 전자교환능력을 감소시키고 과산화수소수를 quenching시키는 것으로 사려된다. 그리하여 goethite system에서 과산화수소수가 적게 소모되어 magnetite system보다 나은 처리효율을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 토양을 shaker를 이용하여 혼합시킨 결과 오염물의 제거량이 magnetite의 경우 41%, goethite의 경우 30%만큼 증가하였다. 이 연구의 결과를 통하여 볼 때 천연토양속에는 magnetite와 goethite같은 철광석이 함유되어 있으므로 별도의 철성분 첨가없이 과산화수소수의 처리만으로도 석유로 오염된 토양의 in-situ 또는 ex-situ한 처리가 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.215-223
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• 2018

Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization is closely linked with the initiation of salivary secretion in parotid acinar cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to a variety of oxidative stress-induced cellular disorders and believed to be involved in salivary impairments. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) on cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation in mouse parotid acinar cells. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels were slowly elevated when $1mM\;H_2O_2$ was perfused in the presence of normal extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. In a $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, $1mM\;H_2O_2$ still enhanced the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level. $Ca^{2+}$ entry tested using manganese quenching technique was not affected by perfusion of $1mM\;H_2O_2$. On the other hand, $10mM\;H_2O_2$ induced more rapid $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and facilitated $Ca^{2+}$ entry from extracellular fluid. $Ca^{2+}$ refill into intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ store and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($1{\mu}M$)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ release from $Ca^{2+}$ store was not affected by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in permeabilized cells. $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ (PMCA) was markedly blocked by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in thapsigargin-treated intact acinar cells. Antioxidants, either catalase or dithiothreitol, completely protected $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation through PMCA inactivation. From the above results, we suggest that excessive production of $H_2O_2$ under pathological conditions may lead to cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and that the primary mechanism of $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation is likely to inhibit $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through PMCA rather than mobilize $Ca^{2+}$ ions from extracellular medium or intracellular stores in mouse parotid acinar cells.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2006

가수분해시킨 폐 유리를 사용하여 발포유리블록의 제조시 발포유리블록의 안정화를 위한 열처리 공정을 조사하였으며 이를 바탕으로 상업적 생산을 위한 scale-up 실험을 시도하였다. 최적의 열처리 조건은 발포소성 후 $550{\sim}600^{\circ}C$로 급냉시켜 안정화시키고 이후 $200^{\circ}C$에서 추가적으로 열응력을 해소하고 $0.3^{\circ}C/min$의 속도로 실온까지 냉각시키는 것이다. 이러한 열처리 조건을 거침으로서 기계적으로 안정성을 지닌 $250mm{\times}250mm{\times}90mm$ 크기의 발포유리가 생산 가능하였으며 이 경우 발포유리블록의 물성은 밀도 $0.28{\pm}0.06g/cm^3$, 열전도도 $0.048{\pm}0.005kcal/hm^{\circ}C$, 흡수율 $0.5{\pm}0.09vol%$, 선팽창계수$(8.6{\pm}0.2){\times}10^{-6}m/m^{\circ}C$($400^{\circ}C$ 기준), 휨강도 $15.0{\pm}0.6kg/cm^2$, 압축강도 $39.5{\pm}0.6kg/cm^2$의 특성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.1063-1069
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• 1997

급속응고법으로 Fe-Nd-C 합금을 제조하여 합금의 조성 및 제조 조건의 변화에 따른 상변화와 자기특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 강자성 $Fe_{14}Nd_2C_x$가 초정으로 정출할 수 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 냉각속도의 변화에 따른 as-spun 합금에서의 상변화를 조사해 본 결과，10m/s로 제조한 Fe-Nd-C 리본합금은 ${\alphs}-Fe$가 일차상, $Fe_{17}Nd_2C_x$가 이차상으로 존재하는 결정질이었으며. 20m/s에서는 ${\alpha}-Fe$의 정출이 억제되거나 비정질화하여, $Fe_{14}Nd_2C_x$가 일차상, ${\alpha}-Fe$가 이차상으로서 비정질상과 함께 존재하였다. 냉각속도의 증가에 따라 비정질화가 증가하여 30m/s에서는 대부분 비정질화되었으며，40m/s에서 비정질화가 완료되었다. 따라서 $Fe_{14}Nd_2C$는 as-spun 상태에서는 얻어지지 않고 주조합금의 경우와 마찬가지로 열처리를 통한 고상변태에 의해서만 얻을 수 있었다. $Fe_{14}Nd_2C$를 얻을 수 있는 유효온도구역은 주조합금의 경우보다 넓은 $700{\sim}900^{\circ}C$였고，비정질화가 완벽한 합금보다 다소 덜 완벽하거나 $Fe_{17}Nd_2C_x$와 비정질상이 혼합된 합금에서 열처리에 의한 보자력의 향상이 더욱 현저하였다. Fe를 다량 함유한 Fe-Nd-C 조성 중에서 높은 보자력이 기대되는 조성 범위는 극히 제한되어, $750{\sim}800^{\circ}C$에서 몇 분간의 열처리로 10kOe 이상의 높은 보자력을 얻을 수 있는 조성은 77~78 Fe, 7~8 C (at.%) 정도였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.356-367
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• 2018

A series of tests dedicated to station blackout (SBO) accident scenarios have been recently performed at the $Prim{\ddot{a}}rkreislauf-Versuchsanlage$ (primary coolant loop test facility; PKL) facility in the framework of the OECD/NEA PKL-3 project. These investigations address current safety issues related to beyond design basis accident transients with significant core heat up. This work presents a detailed analysis using the best estimate thermal-hydraulic code TRACE (v5.0 Patch4) of different SBO scenarios conducted at the PKL facility; failures of high- and low-pressure safety injection systems together with steam generator (SG) feedwater supply are considered, thus calling for adequate accident management actions and timely implementation of alternative emergency cooling procedures to prevent core meltdown. The presented analysis evaluates the capability of the applied TRACE model of the PKL facility to correctly capture the sequences of events in the different SBO scenarios, namely the SBO tests H2.1, H2.2 run 1 and H2.2 run 2, including symmetric or asymmetric secondary side depressurization, primary side depressurization, accumulator (ACC) injection in the cold legs and secondary side feeding with mobile pump and/or primary side emergency core coolant injection from the fuel pool cooling pump. This study is focused specifically on the prediction of the core exit temperature, which drives the execution of the most relevant accident management actions. This work presents, in particular, the key improvements made to the TRACE model that helped to improve the code predictions, including the modeling of dynamical heat losses, the nodalization of SGs' heat exchanger tubes and the ACCs. Another relevant aspect of this work is to evaluate how well the model simulations of the three different scenarios qualitatively and quantitatively capture the trends and results exhibited by the actual experiments. For instance, how the number of SGs considered for secondary side depressurization affects the heat transfer from primary side; how the discharge capacity of the pressurizer relief valve affects the dynamics of the transient; how ACC initial pressure and nitrogen release affect the grace time between ACC injection and subsequent core heat up; and how well the alternative feeding modes of the secondary and/or primary side with mobile injection pumps affect core quenching and ensure stable long-term core cooling under controlled boiling conditions.