• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.281-313
• /
• 2016

Our Constitution obliges the state to protect the health of the people, and the Medical Law, which embodied Constitution, sets out in detail the matters related to open the medical institution and one of them is to prohibit the operation of multiple medical institutions In the past, there was a provision stipulating the same purpose. But because the Supreme Court interpreted that several medical institutions could be opened if the medical treatment was not made at the additional medical instition which was opened in the another doctor,s license, multiple medical institutions could be opened and operated. However, some health care providers opened the several medical institutions to another doctor's license just by the excuse of the business management and then did illegal medical cares like the unfair luring of patients, overtreatment, and commition treatment for more profits. So, the health rights of the people came to be infringed on. Accordingly, lawmakers amended the Medical Law for medical personnel not to open and to operate more than one medical institution. As the amended medical law prohibited a medical personnel to open multiple medical institution, some medical personnels insisted that the amended medical law is unconstitutional under which they could not be able to open and operate medical institutions on based on free investment and bring out the benefits of network hospitals. But the regulation to prohibit multiple institutions does not apply only to a medical personnel. Many other experts like lawyer and pharmacist can open only one office under such a restriction. If the regulation goes out of force, the procedure that multiple medical institutions should be opened and operated in the capacity as a medical corporation or a non-profit corporation does not have to be followed. And we should keep in mind that the permission for medical personels to open multiple medical institutions could lead virtually to commercial hospital. If in the nation with a very low rate of public medical service, If only a few medical personnels with capital own many medical institutions and operate commercially them, this could cause a falling-off in quality of medical service, ultimately infringe on the health rights and the life right of the people.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.214-220
• /
• 2004

Purpose: As for the malignant bowel obstruction of terminal cancer patient, a prognosis is relatively bad. Physicians consider palliative procedures or surgery for the quality of life, but sometimes it is hard to decide. After diagnosis of a malignant bowel obstruction in terminal cancer patients, we investigated the clinical characteristics, the prognostic factors and the survival of patients with palliative procedures or surgery. Methods: we retrospectively reviewed the medical records in 40 malignant bowel obstruction patients who had been diagnosed as terminal cancer from May in 2002 to May in 2004. Results: There were 21 males (53%) and 19 females (47%), and median age of patients was $64.1{\pm}1.58$ years. The most common cause of malignant bowel obstruction was colorectal cancer (18 patients, 45%), followed by stomach cancer (11, 28%), pancreatic cancer (4, 10%), others (7, 19%). Metastases were carcinomatosis peritonei (14 patients, 35%), liver (13, 33%). During a bowel obstruction, symptoms were vomiting (15 patients, 38%), abdominal pain (10, 25%), constipation (6, 15%), abdominal distension (5, 13%). Performance status (ECOG) was 2 score (16 patients, 40%), 3 score (20, 50%), 4 score (4, 10%). Palliative procedure group were 30 patients, the others 10. Median survival in palliative procedure group was 142 days, that of no palliation group 30. Median survival time of palliative procedure group from palliative procedures or surgery were significantly higher than that of no palliation group from diagnosis of malignant bowel obstruction. Prognostic factors of palliative procedure group were PS, site of obstruction and primary cancer. Median survival in PS 2, lower GI obstruction and colorectal cancer was higher than PS 3, upper GI obstruction and others, respectively. Conclusion: we recommend aggressively palliative procedures or surgery in malignant bowel obstruction patients diagnosed with terminal cancer if palliative procedures or surgery could be performed effectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.60-75
• /
• 2022

The Bayesian algorithm model is a model algorithm that calculates probabilities based on input data and is mainly used for complex disasters, water quality management, the ecological structure between living things or living-non-living factors. In this study, we analyzed the main factors affected Korean Estuary Trophic Diatom Index (KETDI) change based on the Bayesian network analysis using the diatom community and physicochemical factors in the domestic estuarine aquatic ecosystem. For Bayesian analysis, estuarine diatom habitat data and estuarine aquatic diatom health (2008~2019) data were used. Data were classified into habitat, physical, chemical, and biological factors. Each data was input to the Bayesian network model (GeNIE model) and performed estuary aquatic network analysis along with the nationwide and each coast. From 2008 to 2019, a total of 625 taxa of diatoms were identified, consisting of 2 orders, 5 suborders, 18 families, 141 genera, 595 species, 29 varieties, and 1 species. Nitzschia inconspicua had the highest cumulative cell density, followed by Nitzschia palea, Pseudostaurosira elliptica and Achnanthidium minutissimum. As a result of analyzing the ecological network of diatom health assessment in the estuary ecosystem using the Bayesian network model, the biological factor was the most sensitive factor influencing the health assessment score was. In contrast, the habitat and physicochemical factors had relatively low sensitivity. The most sensitive taxa of diatoms to the assessment of estuarine aquatic health were Nitzschia inconspicua, N. fonticola, Achnanthes convergens, and Pseudostaurosira elliptica. In addition, the ratio of industrial area and cattle shed near the habitat was sensitively linked to the health assessment. The major taxa sensitive to diatom health evaluation differed according to coast. Bayesian network analysis was useful to identify major variables including diatom taxa affecting aquatic health even in complex ecological structures such as estuary ecosystems. In addition, it is possible to identify the restoration target accurately when restoring the consequently damaged estuary aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.939-948
• /
• 2003

The objective of this study was to identify the quantitative traits loci(QTL) for economically important traits such as growth, carcass and meat quality on pig chromosome 6. A three generation resource population was constructed from cross between Korean native boars and Landrace sows. A total of 240 F$_2$ animals were produced using intercross between 10 boars and 31 sows of F$_1$ animals. Phenotypic data including body weight at 3 weeks, backfat thickness, muscle pH, shear force and crude protein level were collected from F$_2$ animals. Animals including grandparents(F$_0$), parents(F$_1$) and offspring(F$_2$) were genotyped for 29 microsatellite markers and PCR-RFLP marker on chromosome 6. The linkage analysis was performed using CRI-MAP software version 2.4(Green et al., 1990) with FIXED option to obtain the map distances. The total length of SSC6 linkage map estimated in this study was 169.3cM. The average distance between adjacent markers was 6.05cM. For mapping of QTL, we used F$_2$ QTL Analysis Servlet of QTL express, a web-based QTL mapping tool(http://qtl.cap.ed.ac.uk). Five QTLs were detected at 5% chromosome-wide level for body weight of 3 weeks of age, shear force, meat pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, backfat thickness and crude protein level on SSC6.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.824-829
• /
• 2009

Changes in pH, viable microbial count, chemical freshness, texture, and sensory qualities of Sing Sing Hoe (SSH, fresh-sliced raw fish) were measured over 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$, and $-80^{\circ}C$. The initial pH of SSH was 6.25 at all three storage temperatures, and pH increased slightly after 12 days to pH 6.48 and pH 6.55 at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The range in viable cell count was 104-106 CFU/g, regardless of storage temperature. The initial content of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was 5.8 mg/100 g and became 8.2 mg/100 g or less, and 7.9 mg/100 g or less after 15 days at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively. However, pH and VBN values increased significantly after 3 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. At this temperature, the K-value was 22.3% after 6 days and 40% or more after 15 days. At $-20^{\circ}C$, the K-value was 9.6% or less after 6 days and 21% or less after 15 days of storage. At $-80^{\circ}C$, the K-value was 8.5% or less after 9 days and 20% or less after 15 days of storage. Compared with the K-value of live fish muscle (10%), freshness similar to that of live fish was maintained for 6 days under both $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$ storage conditions. There was no significant change in texture during storage of SSH at $-20^{\circ}C$ or $-80^{\circ}C$, but SSH stored at $4^{\circ}C$ showed a decrease in texture quality during storage. Sensory scores were high for material stored for up to 3 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 6 days at $-20^{\circ}C$ or $-80^{\circ}C$. The overall freshness of SSH was maintained for up to 6 days, in comparison with fresh-sliced raw fish, under both frozen storage conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze genetic mutations, clinical manifestations, and treatment of patients with benign HPA in Korea. Methods: This case series study involved ten HPA patients who were referred to our hospital because of high phenylalanine concentration. We investigated their demographic features, clinical manifestations, and mutations of the PAH gene through direct DNA sequencing. Results: Among ten patients with benign HPA, two pairs of patients were related (father-daughter, mother-daughter relationship) cases, and all of them showed no specific clinical manifestations or notable past history. Their plasma phenylalanine levels ranged between 1.2 and 4.2 mg/dL. In the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) loading test, all patients were nonresponsive to BH4. In the confirmation test of PAH mutation analysis, we identified eleven different alleles out of twelve. The most common allele was R53H (c.158G> A). In addition, two novel PAH gene mutations, V423A (c.1268T>C) and V51A (c.152T>C), were identified. Although the patients did not receive any pharmacologic treatment or continuous phenylalanine restriction dietary therapy, their neurocognitive development was normal. Moreover, on serial outpatient follow-up tests, all patients maintained phenylalanine levels below 6 mg/dL. Conclusion: This study is the first in Korea to analyze benign HPA patients. All patients with benign HPA could maintain phenylalanine levels below 6 mg/dL with normal neurocognitive development, without continuous therapy. Therefore, performing mutation analysis and distinguishing benign HPA from phenylketonuria (PKU) are important to help improve life quality in patients with benign HPA by avoiding unnecessary lifelong therapy.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.259-266
• /
• 2018

In today's society, where people look younger than their chronological age due to improvements in the quality of life, there is a gaining interest in anti-aging and how people compare to those in the same age group. We evaluated the wrinkle index, which is the most important attribute amongst skin parameters, to evaluate external age (wrinkle age). The wrinkles of the whole face were scored by divided 8 areas (forehead, glabella, nasal root, upper eyelid, lower eyelid, crow's feet, nasolabial groove and perioral skin) and analyzed the correlation between chronological age and skin parameters. 206 subjects (Korean female, n = 105 and Mongolians female, n = 101) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into four groups by ages: 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. Wrinkle scores of 8 areas were evaluated and developed a calculation formula based on the wrinkle scores. Skin characteristic parameters were measured about skin elasticity, pore, wrinkle, sebum secretion. There was no difference between the calculated ages and the chronological ages in Korean women. On the other hand, Mongolian looked older than chronological age by 9 years. The correlation between the facial wrinkle ages and skin physiology parameters was presented in the order of skin elasticity > pore or crow's feet > skin tone > sebum secretion in both countries. Skin elasticity represented the most related parameter with the facial wrinkle ages. This study identified the skin wrinkle patterns of Korean and Mongolian women and the wrinkle age calculation formula developed from this study can be used as a tool for calculating the facial wrinkle ages in cosmetic studies.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.14
• /
• pp.215-234
• /
• 2007

Our country security industry 1960's service expense of the beginning U.S. army unit it accomplishes the growth which is quick with start, currently about 2,500 triumph the security enterprises which it goes over are being active. But the majority in these enterprise about lower cotton can a forever characteristic with pressure and the manpower civil official ability insufficient back of faithlessness management and capital power. To sleep with afterwords it presents the security dogs deployment plan for an efficient security together from the research which it sees hereupon and it does. First, it cultivates the domestic mountain progress dog which is a breed which is suitable with the security dogs and the shovel flesh dog back with the security dogs. Specially the Jindo of the breed which is excellent training which is suitable in task of the security dogs it leads and if it uses appropriately, it industrializes our specific the Jindo and protection there is a possibility of getting the effect which falls to also the gist which it rears rightly. It cultivate the second, security dogs and it magnifies training. The security dogs consequently is it will be able to accomplish the task above 2 branches to training method. Namely, after finishing obedience training, it is to be in security activity it will execute guard or detection back special training which is suitable in task and it will be able to commit. Third, it uses the security dogs which is trained rightly in task. The security dogs the adult escorts, facility expense, the explosive and narcotic drug detection, it will be able to use with the other blind man guidance dogs back. The narcotic drug detection dogs which currently is used specially technique intelligence anger, when considering the tendency of the narcotic drug smuggling offense field which becomes diversification that the role very it is important is a possibility of saying at day. It cultivate a fourth, escort relation specialty manpower and it improves the breed of the security dogs. The hazard which cultivate the security dogs use necessary personnel the breed of security dogs, the security dogs training center it opens the security crane relation subject of the college which stands and (university) it improves it establishes and training which is suitable in task it is to do to execute letting in the training map company. Specially, the hazard which improves the breed of security dogs in the progress mind quality which stands against the portion where the breed improvement is demanded as the portion where the internal organs research and investment are necessary sees. The security dogs compares in labor cost and the expense holds few, if it uses the our specific domestic dogs it will be able to use efficiently in the task which is various it solves the multi branch plans for wisly with the security dogs industrial development security of course contemporary history sliced raw fish sees demands compared to being immediacy and the life which is happy business the place where it does it sees it will be able to contribute a lot as.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.89-120
• /
• 2008

With petroleum being a major source of energy in Korea, the quantity of petroleum transported via ocean routes is on its way up due to increased consumption. Due to the increase, more than 300 cases of pollution caused by petroleum occur annually. Moreover, the number of oil-spill accidents is also on the rise. Causes of such accidents, not including the disposal of waste oil on purpose, turn out to be human error during navigation or defects in the vessels, showing that most accidents are caused by humans. Therefore, to prevent future oil spills, it is imperative that navigation efficiency be enhanced by improving the quality of navigators and replacing old vessels with newer ones. Nevertheless, such improvements cannot occur overnight, so long- and mid-term efforts should be made to achieve it institutionally. As large-scale oil-spill accidents can happen at anytime along the coastal waters of Korea, it is necessary to set-up institutional devices which go beyond the compensation limit of 92FC. The current special law regarding this issue has its limits in that it prescribes compensation be supplemented solely by national taxes. Therefore, the setting-up of a new 'national fund' is recommended for consideration rather than to subscribe to the '2003 Convention for the Supplementary Fund'. It is strongly suggested that a National fund be created from fees collected from oil companies based on the risks involved in oil transportation and according to the profiteers pay principle. In addition, a public fund should be created to handle general environmental damage, such as the large-scale destruction of the ecosystem, which is distinct from the economic damage that harms the local people. The posterior responses to the large-scale oil spill have always been unsatisfactory because of the symbolic nature of the disasters included in such accidents. Oil-spills can be prevented in advance, because they are caused by human beings. But once they occur, they inflict long-term damage to both human life and the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the best response to future oil-spills is to work to prevent them.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.431-438
• /
• 2010

This study was designed to identify the relationship between emotional labor and reaction factor(job satisfaction, fatigue), buffer factor(social support) among dental hygienist. The number of respondents was 50 who work in dental clinic and period of investigation was march 2010 through April 2010. A structured questionnaire was employed to evaluate the level of participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, emotional labor and self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support. While the mean values of emotional labor were higher than thosewho work in hospital and lower than those who work in service employees. These results suggest that emotional labor was related to an increase in fatigue and strong correlation between involuntary emotional expression, self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support in dental hygienist. Multiple regression analysis has found that social support and no. of personnel were main factors that influence to the level of emotional labor in dental hygienist. The results of this study suggest that emotional labor was a determinant predictor of self perceived fatigue. Thus, a management program for emotional labor is strongly recommended for promotion of quality of life in dental hygienist and to improve dental service and competitiveness.