• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.350-363
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• 2009

Inter- and intra-specific differences in removal activities, filtering rates (FR) and production of feces-and pseudo-feces (PF) between a native freshwater bivalve in Korea, Anodonta woodiana Lea and Unio douglasiae Griffith et Pidgeon, were compared using a continuous removal of organic matters (CROM) system. The CROM system comprised five steps; input of polluted water, control of water flow, mussel treatment, analysis of water quality and discharge of clean water. The study was designed to compare the removal activity of organic matters between A. woodiana and U. douglasiae, and the intra-specific differences between density and length in A. woordiana. Results clearly indicate that two kinds of mussels had obvious removal activities of seston in the eutrophic reservoir. First, if both are similar in shell length, there were no significant inter-specific differences in removal activity between A. woordiana and U. douglasiae (P>0.5), but FRs of U. douglasiae was relatively high due to low ash-fee dry weight. Second, if both are same in animal density, the smaller mussels (1$\sim$2 years old) showed a higher filtering rate and production of feces- and pseudo-feces and less release of ammonium than the larger mussels. Third, if both are same in biomass, FRs and PF of mussels were higher in the low-density tank than the high-density tank, While the Concentration of $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P released WRS similar to each other (P>0.5). Therefore, these results suggest that CROM system using a young bivalve A. woordiana can be applied to control the nuisance seston in eutrophic lake system, if a relevant species and density were selected. Additional pilot tests to optimize the age and density of domestic bivalves were needed for the generalization of CROM operation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic substances as well as microorganisms were added to infant formula in an attempt to influence the intestinal microflora with an aim to stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Over the last 10 years, new synbiotic infant formulas containing probiotics and prebiotics have been proposed in order to simulate the effect of breast-feeding on the intestinal microflora. Owing to their synergistic effect, the new synbiotics are expected to be more helpful than using probiotics and prebiotics individually. Maintenance of the viability of the probiotics during food processing and the passage through the gastrointestinal tract should be the most important consideration, since a sufficient number of bacteria ($10^8cfu/g$) should reach the intended location to have a positive effect on the host. Storage conditions and the processing technology used for the manufacture of products such as infant formula adversely affect the viability of the probiotics. When an appropriate and cost-effective microencapsulation methodology using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and substances with high biological value are developed, the quality of infant formulas would improve. The effect of probiotics may be called a double-effect, where one is an immunomodulatory effect, induced by live probiotics that advantageously alter the gastrointestinal microflora, and the other comprises anti-inflammatory responses elicited by dead cells. At present, a new terminology is required to define the dead microorganisms or crude microbial fractions that positively affect health. The term "paraprobiotics" (or ghost probiotics) has been proposed to define dead microbial cells (not damaged or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., cell extracts with complex chemical composition) that are beneficial to humans and animals when a sufficient amount is orally or topically administered. The fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants is altered when the milk-based infant formula is supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics. Thus, by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, prebiotics modify the fecal microbial composition and accordingly regulate the activity of the immune system. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on the improvement of infant formula quality such that its beneficial effects are comparable to those of human milk, using prebiotics such as inulin and oligosaccharides and potential specific probiotics such as bifidobacteria, which selectively stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the microflora and the indigenous intestinal metabolic activity of the microflora.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.64-71
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• 2009

Excessive soil organic matter (SOM) is detrimental to turfgrass quality when used intensively in sand-based root zones, thereby affecting the sustainability of turfgrass systems. As part of a major project examining the sustainable management of SOM on golf greens, microbial decomposition on soil organic matter accumulation with depth was assessed and the effect of soil air-condition improvement and Ca fertilization was investigated by soil microbial respiration (SMR). Three soil samples from three depths(0~5, 5~10, and 10~15cm) of 5 year and 30 year old green were analyzed for SOM content. In 30 year old green, SMR and dehydrogenase activity(DHA) were analyzed to assess the soil microbial decomposition with depth. It was then divided into 4 plots: untreated as a control, dolomite-treated, 0~5cm deep section-removed, and 0~5 cm deep section-removed+dolomite-treated. After treatment, three soil samples were taken at 1, 2 and 4 weeks by the above-mentioned method, and analyzed for SMR to better understand SOM decomposition. SOM accumulation in the 0~5cm depth of golf greens can be controlled by intensive cultivation such as coring, but below 5cm is more difficult as the results showed that SOM content below 5cm increased over time. Soil microbial decomposition of organic matter will be necessary to reduce SOM accumulation, but SMR below 5cm was low and wasn't significantly altered by increasing exposure to air and fertilizing with Ca. As a result, aeration treatments such as coring and Ca fertilization might not be effective at improving soil microbial decomposition below 5cm depth in aged greens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.400-407
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• 2006

Twenty six strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Jeung-pyun batter, among which Tetragenococcus halophilus 1-12 showed highest dextransucrase activity at 36.95 DSU/mg, followed by T. halophilus 5-8 (36.87 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 2-12 (32.66 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 3-3 (31.43 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 3-1 (30.73 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 5-12 (29.43 DSU/mg protein), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9 (28.5 DSU/mg protein). L. mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9, T. halophilus 1-12, and L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13, were selected as starters (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) for Jeung-pyun manufacturing. Specific volume of Jeung-pyun added with 1.0% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 was highest at 2.00, and 1.0% T. halophilus 1-12-added Jeung-pyun was lowest at 033. Cross-sectional observation of Jeung-pyun showed Jeung-pyun added with 0.5% L. mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9 was uniformly formed. Number of air holes of Jeung-pyun increased with increasing amount of added T. halophilus 1-12. Increasing addition of L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 resulted in more uniform air holes and volumes. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of Jeung-pyun added with 0.5 and 2.0% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 decreased significantly in compasion to control groups. Jeung-pyun added with 0.5% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 showed excelIent overall sensory desirability ranking of 8.500.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.115-141
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand the changes from adopting daily two-shift roster in child care institutions. To accomplish this purpose, we collected data mainly from depth interview with managers, child care workers, and children in child care institutions adopting daily two-shift roster, and analysed these data through qualitative case study approach. The results of this study are as follows. First, child care workers take the chance of recreation, their working conditions improved, they were participated in self-development activity, and they could make relationship with persons in social network. But, some participants worried about decrease of responsibility of workers. Second, one hand, possibility of high-quality care for child is increased, on the other hand, possibility of improving attachment relationship between workers and children is decreased. some children is confused by shift. But, most important strength is that partners have complementary parenting roles through discussion about parenting skills. They have developed communication skills by trial and error, and growed with children through sharing. Third, many qualified persons have applied for institution because of improvement of working conditions, thus institutions had the chance of adopting qualified workers. These workers have various abilities and resources, could mobilize resources from community, and could progress various programs and intervene for children. But, institutions had many difficulties in process adopting daily two-shift roster because of unstable financial support and previous structure. Most of participants worried about that local government may cut down a subsidy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1681-1689
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• 2011

The beneficial effects of tea catechins (TCs) are related not only to their antioxidant potential but also to the improvement of animal meat quality. In this study, we assessed the effects of dietary TC supplementation on plasma biochemical parameters, hormone responses, and glutathione redox status in goats. Forty Liuyang goats were randomly divided into four equal groups (10 animals/group) that were assigned to four experimental diets with TC supplementation at 4 levels (0, 2,000, 3,000 or 4,000 mg TC/kg DM feed). After a 60-day feeding trial, all goats were slaughtered and sampled. Dietary TC treatment had no significant effect on blood biochemical parameters, however, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.001), triglyceride (p<0.01), plasma urea nitrogen (p<0.01), and glucose (p<0.001) decreased and total protein (p<0.01) and albumin (p<0.05) increased with the feeding time extension, and day 20 was the turning point for most of changes. Interactions were found in glutathione (p<0.001) and the ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (p<0.05) in whole blood between treatment and feeding time. Oxidized glutathione in blood was reduced (p<0.05) by 2,000 mg TC/kg feed supplementation, and a similar result was observed in longissimus dorsi muscle. Though plasma glutathione peroxidase (p<0.01) and glutathione reductase (p<0.05) activities were affected by treatment and feeding time interactions, and glutathione S-transferases activity increased with feeding day extension, no changed values appeared in longissimus dorsi muscle. In conclusion, dietary TC supplementation affected the concentrations of some blood metabolites and accelerated GSH depletion in the blood of goats. In terms of less high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the highest insulin and IGF-I concentrations, the highest ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma, the dosage of 2,000 mg TC/kg feed might be desirable for growing goats to prevent glutathione depletion and keep normal physiological metabolism.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.52-60
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• 2006

Muscle weakness in the hemiplegia following stroke is an important factor which determines the quality of life in the future. Therefore, muscle strengthening exercise is essential for functional recovery in hemiplegic patients. Even though the popular conception is that muscle strengthening exercise causes spasticity and associated reaction that hemiplegia patients don't want, and that it disturbs functional recovery, recently there have been many new reports against that opinion. Therefore, the effects of strengthening exercise programs on functional recovery in hemiplegic patients are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strengthening exercise programs for the knee joint using isokinetic exercise on the associated reaction of the upper extremities. Comparing the muscle activities of biceps brachii and triceps brachii during, before, and immediately after 2 and 5 minute intervals of isokinetic exercise, we examined the increase and decrease of associated reaction. Twenty stroke inpatients participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to get muscle activity data from biceps brachii and triceps brachii. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The flexor and extensor peak torque were significantly higher on the sound side than the affected side (p<.05). 2. Before and after strengthening exercise, there was no significant difference in muscle activities (surface electromyographic root mean square values) between the sound and affected side. 3. Muscle activities were examined during, before, and immediately after 2 and 5 minute intervals of isokinetic exercise. There were significant differences in muscle activities between, before and during the exercises, during exercise and 5 minutes after exercise in the biceps brachii (p<.05), and during exercise and 5 minutes after exercise in the triceps brachii (p<.05). In conclusion, there was no relation between strengthening exercise and associated reaction in the upper extremities. Rather, muscle activities after exercise had a tendency to decrease relative to before the exercise. Thus, it is considered that intensive strengthening exercise contributes to improvement of functional recovery without increase in associated reaction in hemiparetic patients.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1990

Root zone environments in hydroponics are very important factors in crop growth, development and quality. In Korea, improvement of root zone temperature is required because of the continental climate. Therefore, this investigation was carried out to clarify the difference of root zone environments in different hydroponic systems under different climates. Tomato plants were grown in nutrient solutions at Seoul City University and Allen Cooper's. Hydroponic systems in this experiment were aeroponics, nutrient film technique(NFT), rockwool culture, sand culture and smoked rice hull culture(SRH). The decrease in temperature rapidly occured in sand culture while slowly in rockwool culture in low air temperature periods. The internal temperature of substrates of hydroponic bed were slightly changed in rockwool culture under high air temperature periods, while the duration of high temperature was longest in NFT. Electrical conductivity and pH of nutrient solution showed great changes in rockwool and aeroponics. Along the bed, the content of dissolved oxygen in nutrient solution had a tendency to decrease in NFT and DFT(Deep flow technique), while didn`t a change with aeroponics. Root activity measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) was highest with aeroponics, followed by rockwool culture and NFT.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2018

Objective : Questionnaires completed by occupational therapists and patients in institutions conducting a "Pilot Project of Rehabilitation Medical Institutions" were used to determine whether occupational therapy was able to establish appropriate patient support systems for return to home and community. Methods : The questionnaire was completed by 293 occupational therapists from 13 institutions conducting pilot projects and 296 patients from 8 institutions who were able to respond. Results : Although the Pilot Project of Rehabilitation Medical Institutions is being implemented to enable early return of patients to activities of daily living, the most important therapeutic goal is not efficiently applied. In addition, since the health insurance systems utilized in medical institutions are applied as in the pilot project, there is no basis for evaluation and mediation of practical daily activities and vocational rehabilitation for actual return to the community. Conclusion : Through a detailed review of the pilot project, it will be necessary to improve the quality of life through the early return of patients to social activity, and to make practical improvements to reduce unnecessary societal expenditures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1641-1645
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate Chinese's preference and directions for improvement of Kimchi by sensory evaluation, and utilize Kimchi for the China eating habit by survey. Self administered questionnaires were collected 149 Chinese (16~25 yr) residing in Shanghai. About 89.9% of all the participants had eaten Kimchi before the survey. Overall preference about Kimchi was 3.59$\pm$0.62 (5 point: Lickertis scale) and affecting factors for overall preference were taste, appearance, texture, in that order. Chinese answered that tough texture (24.9%), spicy taste (20.5%) and fermented odor (18.1%) were the most important factors in improved quality of Kimchi. They answered that applications of Kimchi with Chinese cuisine are 'side dish with meat cuisine', 'eat with cooked rice, rice-mixed-in-soup, gruel' and 'use ingredients of cook', as similar to Korean's.