• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to propose vegetation management devices through analyzing the actual vegetation, flora, plant community structure and soil chemical concentrations in Weolmi urban nature park, Incheon. The actual vegetation of Weolmi Park in various areas is composed of urbanization area(2 types, 25.9%), landscape planting area(4 types, 16.1%), grass and marsh area(5 types, 7.6%) and mountain forest areal(14 types, 50.4%). The flora is composed of 295 taxa with 80 families, 253 species, 35 varieties and 7 formas, and among them there are 16 naturalized plant families, 39 species, 3 varieties. In reflection of size, the number of the species seems high but most of the them are under influence of human disturbance. Nine survey plots of plant community structure are classified into two groups. One is the semi-natural plant community(Prunus sargentii-Acer palmatum, Quercus accutissma-Prunus sargentii, Quercus serrata-Quercus accutissma-Prunus sargentii, Prunus sargentii, and Zelkova serrata-Prunus sargentii) that migrated finn the planting forest to the natural forest and the other is planting forest(Pinus koraienssis-Pinus thunbergii-Abies holophylla-Chamaectparis obtusa, Prunus sargentii, Pinus thunbergii-Alnus firma, Zelkova serrata). The average pH is 4.65 which means the soil acidity is quite high. The concentration of K, Ca, Mg and base saturation is very low. It seems that the environmental pollutants from Incheon Port and industrial plants near by survey site and long-distance transport of air pollutants from China made the soil condition worse. On the basis of the results above, six vegetation management devices are suggested: 1) removing the hazard plants(Pueraia thunbergiana and Humulus japonica), 2) natural landscape management of the middle and long term, 3) increasing species diversity, 4) Robinia pseudoacacia management, 5) keeping the naturalized plants from being distributed any further inside the mountain forest, 6) improving soil acidification.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.72-84
• /
• 2017

This study aimed to suggest a method to establish vessel-lumen-area chronologies in domestic Quercus spp. from Mt. Songni and to verify their potential as a climate proxy. In order to establish vessel-lumen-area chronologies, three options were applied to filter vessels. Options 1 and 2 use vessels having lumina larger than or equal to $6,000{\mu}m^2$ (MVA-60) and $7,500{\mu}m^2$ (MVA-75), respectively, to establish the chronologies by their mean values in each year, and option 3 uses the largest one (MAX) in each tree ring. MVA-60 and MVA-75 had mostly significant relationships with the winter precipitation between November in the previous year and January in the current year, however, MAX had only significant relationship with November precipitation in the previous year. Based on these results, it was verified that the potential of vessel lumina in domestic Quercus spp. could be a climate proxy in dendroclimatology.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.262-270
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to analyze forest vegetation of Jinaksan in Geumsan, Chungnam Province. Employing the releve method of Braun-Blanquet, 26 plots were sampled in forest of Jinaksan. The communities were classified into Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, and Pinus densiflora communities. Coverage rate was 79.4% in tree layer,27.6% in subtree layer,37.0% in shrub layer, 31.1% in herb layer, respectively. The importance values were 45.51 in Q. mongolica,44.17 in P. densiflora,26.56 in Q. variabilis,26.78 in Q. serrata,20.81 in Q. aliena, and 15.58 in Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, respectively. Most of the DBH in the Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, and p. densiflora was between 5 cm and 15 cm. Therefore, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, and Q. aliena will be dominant species in the study area for several decades.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.238-246
• /
• 2003

This study evaluated forest vegetation structure according to elevation in Mt. Sokri and Odae. The dominance of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea was apparent at elevations below 500 m. Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa were conspicuous above 800 m. Significant P. densiflora, Rhus trichocarpa, Lindera obtusiloba and P. serrulata var. spontanea populations appeared below 700 m elevation in Mt. Odae. Q. mongolica, F. sieboldiana, A. pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amuresis, Abies holophylla, Carpinus cordata, Betula costata, Kalopanax pintus and Pinus koraiensis were conspicuous at elevations 1000 m and above. P. densiflora, Q. monoglica, Q. serata, R. trichocarpa and L. obtusiloba populations were significant at elevations below 700 m. Q. mongolica, F. sieboldiana, A. pseudo-sieboldianum, T. amurensis, A. holophylla, C. cordata appeared at elevations above 1000 m.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.233-237
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to provide a rational forest management method for a natural oak (Quercus variavilis) forest stand in the central part of South Korea based on characteristics of growth and water relation parameters. Average volume per hectare was 175.1 ㎥ in the study site of oak stands. Basal area and volume of each direction appeared to increase as the slope direction moves from north to south, but annual mean increment and periodic annual increment of DBH for 10 years showed the lowest value at the southern aspect. Maximum water potentials measured between 12 and 14 o'clock were analyzed by direction and elevation in the oak stands. Water potential of oak decreased as the slope changed from the north to the south aspect and water potential increased at lower elevations. Soil water content for the oak stands tended to decrease as the aspect shifted from north to south. Water potential and soil moisture content were highly correlated. It appears that oaks have a higher moisture requirement at the southern aspect, because of stand density related to intraspecific competition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 2005

From published data of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of IRGA-based soil respiration and litterfall of natural mature oak forests dominated by Quercus mongolica in Korea. Rates of in situ soil respiration and aboveground litter production are highly and positively correlated. Our results disagree with the Raich and Nadelhoffer model far world forests. A regression analysis of the data from Q. mongolica forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration : 141 + 2.08 ${\times}$ annual litterfall. The least squares regression line has a more gentle slope (2.08) than the slope (2.92) described by Raich and Nedelhoffer for mature forests worldwide. The regression slope of our study indicates that, on average, soil respiration is about two times the aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is similar with annual aboveground litterfall-C at natural Q. mongolica forests in Korea. The non-zero Y-intercept (141) of the regression indicates that TBCA may be greater than litterfall-C where litterfall rate are relativery low. Over a gradient of litterfall-C ranging from 200-370 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$, TBCA increased from 350-530 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2010

Stand structure and spatial associations of the dominant tree species in Quercus mongolica stands were investigated to understand interspecific relationships and the persistent dominance of Q. mongolica. We examined the species composition, DBH (diameter at breast height) distribution, and spatial distribution of trees (${\geq}\;2.5\;cm$ DBH) in two permanent $100\;m\;{\times}\;100\;m$ plots in Q. mongolica-dominant stands on the western part of Mt. Jiri. Ripley's K-function was used to characterize the spatial patterns and associations of dominant tree species. Q. mongolica showed a continuous and reverse-J shaped DBH distribution with clumped spatial distribution in both study sites. Q. mongolica and Abies koreana exhibited a negative association implying potential interspecific competition. The positive spatial association between Q. mongolica and Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica and Fraxinus sieboldiana were affected by site characteristics: limited habitat conditions with a large proportion of rock surface. Our results suggest that interactions among species were complex and ranged from positive to negative. Differences in stand and site characteristics and regeneration mechanisms among the species play an important role in regulating their spatial distribution patterns, while competition between individuals also contributes to spatial patterning of these communities. The high density and the early developmental stage of spatial distribution and structural characteristics of Q. mongolica and the relatively low importance values of other species in the stands imply that Q. mongolica will remain dominant in the study sites in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to figure out the structural characteristics of urban plant community and suggest restoration model of Quercus mongolica in the case of Korean national Capital Region. The investigation areas were selected from urban area of Mt. Nam at Chung-Gu, suburban areas of Mt. Bong at Eunpyoung-GU, Mt. Sungju at Buchon City and non-urban areas of Mt. Suri at Kunpu City and Mt. Chonma t namyangju-City. After the main study field had been classified into the evaluation of the ecological characteristics and the modeling of the vegetation. We analyzed to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the forest structure -- successional stage, naturalness, multi-layer structure of the forest and species diversity, and the plant community structures. We have proposed vegetation restoration model based on the selection of proper plants, the number of individuals, diameter short area of breast height, the shortest distance between plants in non-urban area. As for successional stage, It was judged that the ecological succession may not be followed like the present stage of the surveyed areas in urban, suburban and non-ruban areas. As for the retention of naturalness and multi-layer structures of vegetation, In Quercus mongolica community, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Ailanthus altissima occurred in each layers at Mt. Nam, Mt. Bong and Mt. Sungju, and Eupatorium rugosum occurred in herbaceous layer at Mt. Nam. Consequently, the ecological restoration plan following the structure of the vegetation in Mt. Chonma seemed to be advisable in Q. mongolica community, there were less number of species and individuals in urban areas than those of non-urban areas. Planting of trees following the simulated native plant community of non-urban areas seemed to be required to promote the plants in urban areas. Considering the number of individuals up to three layers in each 400$m^2$ area, it was composed of twenty nine in canopy layer, forth nine in understory layer, 367 in shrub layer and 33.7% herbaceous ground cover in the Q.mongolica community. The suggested restoration model in this study is nan applicable model for the introduction in the cities, and this study shows that continuous experiments and field investigation on this model should be performed in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.341-345
• /
• 1998

Soil solutions were collected by zero-tension lysimeters at Kwangju, Kyunggi Province to estimate differences in ion concentration among species and horizons. Zero-tension lysimeters were installed in O, A, and B horizons in Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, and Quercus mongolica stands. Soil solution samples were collected from September 1996 through August 1998 and analyzed for $K^+$, $NA^+$, $NH_4^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, and $PO_4^{3-}$. The experimental site had high nitrogen loading from the atmosphere, and $NO_3^-$ was positively correlated with $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$. However, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ showed a positive correlation only in the O horizon of Q. mongolica stand. Mg^(2+) deficit in the soil was predicted owing to the positive relationship of $Mg^{2+}$ with $NO_3^-$. Concentrations of $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$in soil solution were estimated higher in L. leptolepis than in other stands because of high leaching from the plant. Concentration of $Al^{3+}$ in soil solution was negatively correlated with soil solution pH. Mean soil solution pH of A and B horizons in P. koraiensis was lower than 4.7, however the $Al^{3+}$ concentration was lower than the toxic level to plants.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2003

This study is conducted to examine the woods that were excavated at Jangdo Island. The Jangdo site is located in a small island some 180 meters away from the main island of Wando, Jeollanam-do in southern Korea. This site is known as Cheong-Hea Jin fort for the marine King Jang Bogo during the early 9$^{th}$ century. Total of 101 specimens were collected in three groups； small-size piles, log fences (Mok-check) and logs from a well. The species of the group of piles consisted of Quercus spp. (43%), Pinus densiflora (29%), Pinus koraiensis (5%), Alnus japonica (3%), Fraxinus spp. (3%), Styrax obassia (3%), Juglans spp. (2%), Zelkova serrata (2%), Platycarya strobilacea (2%), Celtis spp. (2%), Torreya nucifera (2%), Quercus myrsinaefolia (2%), and Cinnamomum spp. (2%). The species of Mok-check and logs from the well were identified as all Pinus densiflora. The species composition indicated that the climate around A. D. 9th-10th century in southern Korea was similar to the present.. The wooden fences were also examined for tree-ring analysis. The ages of woods were 50∼60 years. We made two site chronologies. The chronologies indicated that southeastern and southwestern fences were repaired frequently. The results could not give the absolute dates due to lack of reference chronologies in this period.