• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in impairing the function of T cells. We characterized MDSCs in two chronic hepatitis C (CHC) cohorts: a cross-sectional group that included 61 treatment-naive patients with CHC, 14 rapid virologic response (RVR) cases and 22 early virologic response (EVR) cases; and a longitudinal group of 13 cases of RVR and 10 cases of EVR after pegylated-interferon-${\alpha}$/ribavirin treatment for genotype 1b HCV infection. Liver samples from 32 CHC patients and six healthy controls were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. MDSCs frequency in treatment-naive CHC was significantly higher than in RVR, EVR, or healthy subjects and was positively correlated with HCV RNA. Patients infected with HCV genotype 2a had a significantly higher frequency of MDSCs than those infected with genotype 1b. Decreased T cell receptor (TCR) ${\zeta}$ expression on $CD8^+$ T cells was significantly associated with an increased frequency of MDSCs in treatment-naive CHC patients and was restored by L-arginine treatment in vitro. Increased numbers of liver arginase-$1^+$ cells were closely associated with the histological activity index in CHC. The TCR ${\zeta}$ chain was significantly downregulated on hepatic $CD8^+$ T cells in CHC. During antiviral follow up, MDSCs frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was directly correlated with the HCV RNA load in the plasma and inversely correlated with TCR ${\zeta}$ chain expression in $CD8^+$ T cells in both RVR and EVR cases. Notably, the RVR group had a higher frequency of MDSCs at baseline than the EVR group. Collectively, this study provides evidence that MDSCs might be associated with HCV persistence and downregulation of CD8 ${\zeta}$ chain expression.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.888-894
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• 1998

한방 보혈제의 기본처방인 사물탕과 보기제의 기본 처방인 사군자탕의 방사선 조사 마우스에서의 방사선 방호 효과를 소장움 생존(고선량 방사선, 12 Gy), 조혈세포 생존(중간선량 방사선, 6.5 Gy), apoptosis 형성(저선량 방사선, 2 Gy) 실험법을 적용하여 관찰하였다. 방사선조사 전 사물탕투여군(경구투여: 음수 mL당 2 mg씩 7일간, 복강내주사: 마리당 1 mg씩 방사선 조사 24시간 전)에서 소장움의 생존이 증가되었으며 (방사선대조군: $38.48{\pm}4.34$, 복강내 주사군: $77.98{\pm}16.11$, P<0.005), endogenous spleen colony의 형성도 높게 나타났고(방사선대조군: $3.5{\pm}4$, 경구투여군: $10.7{\pm}7.730$, 복강내주사군: $8.667{\pm}5.244$, P<0.05), 소장움에서의 apoptotic cell의 발생율은 억제되었다(방사선대조군: $5.111{\pm}0.529$, 복강내주사군 $3.919{\pm}0.214$, P<0.01). 사군자탕 병행투여군에서는 이상의 실험에서 통계적으로 유의성 있는 효과는 없었다. 이상의 결과는 사물탕이 방사선방호 식품으로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였으며, 각 구성약재 및 성분의 효과에 대한 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9487-9494
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• 2014

Background: The size of a hepatic neoplasm is critical for staging, prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment. Our study aimed to compare the radiological size of solid hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the pathological size in a Chinese population, and to elucidate discrepancies. Materials and Methods: A total of 178 consecutive patients diagnosed with HCC who underwent curative hepatic resection after enhanced MRI between July 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively identified and analyzed. Pathological data of the whole removed tumors wereassessed and differences between radiological and pathological tumor size were identified. All patients were restaged using a modified Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system postoperatively according to the maximum diameter alteration. The lesions were classified as hypo-staged, iso-staged or hyper-staged for qualitative assessment. In the quantitative analysis, the relative pre and postoperative tumor size contrast ratio ($%{\Delta}size$) was also computed according to size intervals. In addition, the relationship between radiological and pathological tumor diameter variation and histologic grade was analyzed. Results: Pathological examination showed 85 (47.8%) patients were overestimated, 82 (46.1%) patients underestimated, while accurate measurement by MRI was found in 11 (6.2%) patients. Among the total subjects, 14 (7.9%) patients were hypo-staged and 15 (8.4%) were hyper-staged post-operatively. Accuracy of MRI for calculation and characterized staging was related to the lesion size, ranging from 83.1% to 87.4% (<2cm to ${\geq}5cm$, p=0.328) and from 62.5% to 89.1% (cT1 to cT4, p=0.006), respectively. Overall, MRI misjudged pathological size by 6.0 mm (p=0.588 ), and the greatest difference was observed in tumors <2cm (3.6 mm, $%{\Delta}size=16.9%$, p=0.028). No statistically significant difference was observed for moderately differentiated HCC (5.5mm, p=0.781). However, for well differentiated and poorly differentiated cases, radiographic tumor maximum diameter was significantly larger than the pathological maximum diameter by 3.15 mm and underestimated by 4.51 mm, respectively (p=0.034 and 0.020). Conclusions: A preoperative HCC tumor size measurement using MRI can provide relatively acceptable accuracy but may give rise to discrepancy in tumors in a certain size range or histologic grade. In pathological well differentiated subjects, the pathological tumor size was significantly overestimated, but underestimated in poorly differentiated HCC. The difference between radiological and pathological tumor size was greatest for tumors <2 cm. For some HCC patients, the size difference may have implications for the decision of resection, transplantation, ablation, or arterially directed therapy, and should be considered in staging or selecting the appropriate treatment tactics.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

본 연구는 투어마린 소재와 전기적인 방전을 통해 물의 성질을 변화시킨 투어마린이온활성수를 이용하여 간보호 효과, 비만 예방 효과, 숙취제거 효과를 확인하기 위해 시행되었다. 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 ICR 마우스에서 투어마린이온활성수를 급이한 실험군은 정수물을 급이한 대조군과 비교하여 사료섭취량이 비슷하고 음수량이 더 적었지만 체중증가는 대조군에 비하여 억제되어 13주에는 유의한 차이를 보여줌으로써 비만 예방 효과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 사염화탄소로 간독성을 유발시킨 생쥐를 이용하여 간보호 효과를 관찰한 실험에서, 실험군의 aspartate aminotransferase (AST)와 alanine aminotransferase (ALT)는 대조군과 비교하여 평균적인 차이를 나타내었으며, 간의 조직학적 관찰에서 괴사를 비롯한 병리학적 병변이 감소한 것으로 나타났다. S-D rats을 이용한 숙취 실험에서는 실험군이 대조군에 비해 혈중알콜농도가 유의하게 낮았으며(P<0.01), 알콜 대사와 관련된 항산화 효소인 glutathione-S transferase (GST)는 활성이 증가한 것으로 관찰되었고(P<0.05), 간기능 지표인 AST와 ALT는 상대적인 감소현상을 보였다. 이와 같은 결과는 투어마린이온활성수의 음용이 동물의 항산화 체계에 영향을 미침으로써 간조직을 보호하고 알콜 분해를 향상시킨 것으로 판단되며, 그 결과 숙취해소에 어느 정도 효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 투어마린이온활성수의 효능과 관련된 기전은 아직 과학적 검증에 어려움이 있으나, 물에 전달된 투어마린의 원적외선에너지나 전기적 영향으로 인하여 물분자의 결합력과 분자 구조 또는 클러스터의 크기에 변화를 일으켰기 때문으로 판단된다. 사용된 투어마린이온활성수는 음용안전성이 확보된 물로서 효과적인 기능수로 개발될 가능성을 가지며, 유효성과 관련된 기전은 더 연구될 필요성이 있다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

아토피성 피부염은 주로 천식과 비염 등을 동반하는, 주위에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 만성 염증성 피부질환으로 유전학적, 환경적, 면역학적 요인이 복잡하게 연관되어 발병한다. 해수에 포함된 마그녜슘염은 피부에 작용하여 피부장벽을 보호하는 것으로 알려지고 그에 대한 면역학적인 연구와 조직학적 연구는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 이번 연구에서는 피부염을 인위적으로 일으키는 hapten 형성물질인 DNCB를 hairless mice에 도포하여 아토피 피부염 동물 모델로 만든 후, 마그네슘이 다량 함유된 해양 미네랄수를 처리한 후 피부장벽에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. DNCB로 피부염을 유발한 hairless mice에 해양미네랄수를 국소적으로 도포하였을 때 유의한 피부수분함량이 증가와 경피수분손실의 감소를 확인하였다 (p<0.01). 피부측정에서 피부거칠기(skin roughness, p<0.05)와 스케일생성(skin scaliness, p<0.01)은 실험군에서 유의한 개선효과를 나타내었으며 조직학적 검사에서도 피부손상지수의 유의한 감소(p<0.01)와 비만세포와(p<0.01) 호산구의 감소(p<0.05) 소견을 보였고 또한 혈청 IgE의 감소를 관찰할 수 있었다(p<0.01). 이상과 같이 마그네슘이 다량 함유된 해양 미네랄수 도포는 피부장벽의 손상을 줄이고 피부수분손실을 효과적으로 줄임으로 아토피성 피부염 증상 유발을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 현재까지 아토피성 피부염의 관리를 위하여 세라마이드나 식물성 오일의 보습제가 주로 활용되고 있는 상황에서 부가적인 피부장벽의 보호를 위하여 탈염 해양 미네랄수의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며 장기적으로 아토피 피부염 치료의 대체, 혹은 보조적 물질로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2018

Objectives : This study was carried out to enhance the activity of Iksuyoungjingo, which has the tonify Qi, nourish Yin effect of oriental medicine, and to study the effect of the prescriptions on the immunological activities. Methods : Immunosuppression was induced by methotrexate (MTX) 2 mg / kg, the experimental group was divided into IYGgami-I, IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups. Each prescription was administered with drinking water for 20 days, and body weight was measured every 5 days during this period. Leukocyte, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2, IL-6, IgE, spleen weight and body weight were measured Results : In the changes of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2 and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory elements, all of the experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the IgE changes, the IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the changes of spleen weight, the IYGgami-II-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the changes of WBC and lymphocytes, the IYGgami-I-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Conclusions : From the above results, it can be observed that the efficacy against immunity is exerted in all of the preparations, and it was confirmed that the efficacy was maintained constant even when utilizing the Rehmannia glutinosa Residue and Poria cocos Bark, and that a more beneficial effect can be exerted in the effectiveness when the fermentation is carried out.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2017

Background: We sought to determine the association between chronic pain and participating in routine health screening in a low socioeconomic-status (SES) rental-flat community in Singapore. In Singapore, ${\geq}85%$ own homes; public rental flats are reserved for those with low-income. Methods: Chronic pain was defined as pain ${\geq}3$ months. From 2009-2014, residents aged 40-60 years in five public rental-flat enclaves were surveyed for chronic pain; participation in health screening was also measured. We compared them to residents staying in adjacent owner-occupied public housing. We also conducted a qualitative study to better understand the relationship between chronic pain and health screening participation amongst residents in these low-SES enclaves. Results: In the rental-flat population, chronic pain was associated with higher participation in screening for diabetes (aOR = 2.11, CI = 1.36-3.27, P < 0.001), dyslipidemia (aOR = 2.06, CI = 1.25-3.39, P = 0.005), colorectal cancer (aOR = 2.28, CI = 1.18-4.40, P = 0.014), cervical cancer (aOR = 2.65, CI = 1.34-5.23, P = 0.005) and breast cancer (aOR = 3.52, CI = 1.94-6.41, P < 0.001); this association was not present in the owner-occupied population. Three main themes emerged from our qualitative analysis of the link between chronic pain and screening participation: pain as an association of "major illness"; screening as a search for answers to pain; and labelling pain as an end in itself. Conclusions: Chronic pain was associated with higher cardiovascular and cancer screening participation in the low-SES population. In low-SES populations with limited access to pain management services, chronic pain issues may surface during routine health screening.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2012

국내산 정제염, 천일염과 유럽산 천일염 등의 SEM에서의 형태, 무기질 성분, 보돌연변이와 암세포 in vitro 항암 기능성을 측정하였다. 정제염은 SEM을 이용한 관찰 시 구조가 규칙적이었고 천일염은 불규칙한 표면 구조를 가지고 있었다. 천일염의 크기도 차이가 있었고 프랑스 천일염과 한국천일염I은 다른 천일염보다 크기가 작았다. 무기질 함량은 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염I이 Ca, K, Mg 등의 함량이 다른 소금보다 더 많았다. pH도 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염I이 가장 높았다. 한국산 두 가지의 천일염은 무기질 함량에 따라 물리적 특성의 차이를 보였고 한국 천일염I은 프랑스 천일염과 비슷한 무기질 함량을 가지고 있었다. 소금은 보돌연변이 효과가 있었지만 특히 무기질 함량이 높았던 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염I은 다른 소금보다 낮은 보돌연변이 효과를 나타내었다. HCT-116과 AGS 암세포에 대한 in vitro 항암 효과에서도 보돌연변이 효과와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었고 많은 무기질을 함유한 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염I의 암세포 성장 억제효과와 암세포의 apoptosis 유도 효과가 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터 소금의 기능성은 무기질 함량이 많은 천일염이 정제염보다 좋으며 천일염 중에도 Ca, K 등의 무기질 함량이 높을수록 기능성도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2011

In spite of abundant clinical resources of stroke patients, the objective and logical data analyses or diagnostic systems were not established in oriental medicine. As a part of researches for standardization and objectification of differentiation of syndromes for stroke, in this present study, we tried to develop the statistical diagnostic tool discriminating the 4 subtypes of syndrome differentiation using the essential indices considering the sex. Discriminant analysis was carried out using clinical data collected from 1,448 stroke patients who was identically diagnosed for the syndrome differentiation subtypes diagnosed by two clinical experts with more than 3 year experiences. Empirical discriminant model(V) for different sex was constructed using 61 significant symptoms and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. We comparison. We make comparison a between discriminant model(V) and discriminant model(IV) using 33 significant symptoms and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. Development of statistical diagnostic tool discriminating 4 subtypes by sex : The discriminant model with the 24 significant indices in women and the 19 significant indices in men was developed for discriminating the 4 subtypes of syndrome differentiation including phlegm-dampness, qi-deficiency, yin-deficiency and fire-heat. Diagnostic accuracy and prediction rate of syndrome differentiation by sex : The overall diagnostic accuracy and prediction rate of 4 syndrome differentiation subtypes using 24 symptom and sign indices was 74.63%(403/540) and 68.46%(89/130) in women, 19 symptom and sign indices was 72.05%(446/619) and 70.44%(112/159) in men. These results are almost same as those of that the overall diagnostic accuracy(73.68%) and prediction rate(70.59%) are analyzed by the discriminant model(IV) using 33 symptom and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. Considering sex, the statistical discriminant model(V) with significant 24 symptom and sign indices in women and 19 symptom and sign indices in men, instead of 33 indices would be used in the field of oriental medicine contributing to the objectification of syndrome differentiation with parsimony rule.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2014

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs of 20-25 nucleotides in length that function as negative gene regulators. MiRNAs play roles in most biological processes, as well as diverse human diseases including cancer. Recently, many studies investigated the association between SNPs in miR-146a rs2910164, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs229283, miR-499 rs3746444 and colorectal cancer (CRC), which results have been inconclusive. Methodology/Principal Findings: PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI databases were searched with the last search updated on November 5, 2013. For miR-196a2 rs11614913, a significantly decreased risk of CRC development was observed under three genetic models (dominant model: OR = 0.848, 95%CI: 0.735-0.979, P = 0.025; recessive model: OR = 0.838, 95%CI: 0.721-0.974, P = 0.021; homozygous model: OR = 0.754, 95%CI: 0.627-0.907, P = 0.003). In the subgroup analyses, miR-$196a2^*T$ variant was associated with a significantly decreased susceptibility of CRC (allele model: OR = 0.839, 95%CI: 0.749-0.940, P = 0.000; dominant model: OR = 0.770, 95%CI: 0.653-0.980, P = 0.002; recessive model: OR = 0.802, 95%CI: 0.685-0.939, P = 0.006; homozygous model: OR = 0.695, 95%CI: 0.570-0.847, P = 0.000). As for miR-149 rs2292832, the two genetic models (recessive model: OR = 1.199, 95% CI 1.028-1.398, P = 0.021; heterozygous model: OR = 1.226, 95% CI 1.039-1.447, P = 0.013) demonstrated increased susceptibility to CRC. On subgroup analysis, significantly increased susceptibility of CRC was found in the genetic models (recessive model: OR = 1.180, 95% CI 1.008-1.382, P = 0.040; heterozygous model: OR = 1.202, 95% CI 1.013-1.425, P = 0.013) in the Asian group. Conclusions: These findings supported that the miR-196a2 rs11614913 and miR-149 rs2292832 polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to CRC.