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Comparison of Mass and Nutrient Dynamics of Coarse Woody Debris between Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis Stands in Yangpyeong

  • Kim, RaeHyun;Son, Yowhan;Hwang, Jaehong
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.115-120
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    • 2004
  • Coarse woody debris (CWD, $\ge$ 5 cm in maximum diameter) is an important functional component, especially to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. To compare mass and nutrient dynamics of CWD in natural oak forests, a two-year study was conducted at Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis stands in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. Total CWD (snag, stump, log and large branch) and annual decomposition mass (Mg/ha) were 1.9 and 0.4 for the Q. serrata stand and 7.5 and 0.5 for the Q. variabilis stand, respectively. Snags covered 72% of total CWD mass for the Q. variabilis stand and 42% for the Q. serrata stand. Most of CWD was classified into decay class 1 for both stands. CWD N and P concentrations for the Q. variabilis stand significantly increased along decay class and sampling time, except for P concentration in 2002. There were no differences in CWD N concentration for the Q. serrata stand along decay class and sampling time. However, CWD P concentration decreased along sampling time. CWD N and P contents (kg/ha) ranged from 3.5∼4.7 and 0.8∼1.3 for the Q. serrata stand to 22.8∼23.6 and 3.7∼4.7 for the Q. variabilis stand. Nitrogen and P inputs (kg/ha/yr) into mineral soil through the CWD decomposition were 0.7 and 0.3 for the Q. serrata stand and 1.6 and 0.3 for the Q. variabilis stand, respectively. The number of CWD and decay rate were main factors influencing the difference in CWD mass and nutrient dynamics between both stands.

PERMUTATION POLYNOMIALS OF THE TYPE $1 + X + CDOTS + X^K$

  • Kim, Kyung-Hee;Lee, June-Bok;Park, Young-H
    • Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 1996
  • Let $F_q$ denote the finite field of order $q = p^n$, p a prime. A polynomial $f \in F_q[x]$ is called a permutation polynomial over $F_q$ if f induces a 1-1 map of $F_q$ onto itself.

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LOCAL PERMUTATION POLYNOMIALS OVER FINITE FIELDS

  • Lee, Jung-Bok;Ko, Hyoung-June
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.539-545
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    • 1994
  • Let $q = p^r$, where p is a prime. A polynomial $f(x) \in GF(q)[x]$ is called a permutation polynomial (PP) over GF(q) if the numbers f(a) where $a \in GF(Q)$ are a permutation of the a's. In other words, the equation f(x) = a has a unique solution in GF(q) for each $a \in GF(q)$. More generally, $f(x_1, \cdots, x_n)$ is a PP in n variables if $f(x_1,\cdots,x_n) = \alpha$ has exactly $q^{n-1}$ solutions in $GF(q)^n$ for each $\alpha \in GF(q)$. Mullen ([3], [4], [5]) has studied the concepts of local permutation polynomials (LPP's) over finite fields. A polynomial $f(x_i, x_2, \cdots, x_n) \in GF(q)[x_i, \codts,x_n]$ is called a LPP if for each i = 1,\cdots, n, f(a_i,\cdots,x_n]$ is a PP in $x_i$ for all $a_j \in GF(q), j \neq 1$.Mullen ([3],[4]) found a set of necessary and three variables over GF(q) in order that f be a LPP. As examples, there are 12 LPP's over GF(3) in two indeterminates ; $f(x_1, x_2) = a_{10}x_1 + a_{10}x_2 + a_{00}$ where $a_{10} = 1$ or 2, $a_{01} = 1$ or x, $a_{00} = 0,1$, or 2. There are 24 LPP's over GF(3) of three indeterminates ; $F(x_1, x_2, x_3) = ax_1 + bx_2 +cx_3 +d$ where a,b and c = 1 or 2, d = 0,1, or 2.

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SIMPLE-ROOT NEGACYCLIC CODES OF LENGTH 2pnm OVER A FINITE FIELD

  • SHARMA, ANURADHA
    • Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.965-989
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    • 2015
  • Let p, ${\ell}$ be distinct odd primes, q be an odd prime power with gcd(q, p) = gcd(q,${\ell}$) = 1, and m, n be positive integers. In this paper, we determine all self-dual, self-orthogonal and complementary-dual negacyclic codes of length $2p^{n{\ell}m}$ over the finite field ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ with q elements. We also illustrate our results with some examples.

EXISTENCE AND ITERATION OF POSITIVE SOLUTION FOR A THREE-POINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM WITH A p-LAPLACIAN OPERATOR

  • Ma, De-Xiang
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.25 no.1_2
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    • pp.329-337
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    • 2007
  • In the paper, we obtain the existence of positive solutions and establish a corresponding iterative scheme for BVPs $$\{^{\;(\phi_p(u'))'\;+\;q(t)f(t,u)=0,\;0\;<\;t\;<\;1,}_{\;u(0)\;-\;B(u'({\eta}))\;=\;0,\;u'(1)\;=\;0}$$ and $$\{^{\;(\phi_p(u'))'\;+\;q(t)f(t,u)=0,\;0\;<\;t\;<\;1,}_{\;u'(0)\;=\;0,\;u(1)+B(u'(\eta))\;=\;0.}$$. The main tool is the monotone iterative technique. Here, the coefficient q(t) may be singular at t = 0, 1.

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes by Chromosomal Microarray (염색체 마이크로어레이를 이용한 표지염색체의 분자세포유전학적 특성)

  • Bae, Mi-Hyun;Yoo, Han-Wook;Lee, Jin-Ok;Hong, Maria;Seo, Eul-Ju
    • Journal of Genetic Medicine
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.119-124
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: Supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) could be associated with various phenotypic abnormalities based on the chromosomal origin of SMCs. The present study aimed to determine the genomic contents of SMCs using chromosomal microarray and to analyze molecular cytogenetic characterizations and clinical phenotypes in patients with SMCs. Materials and Methods: Among patients with SMCs detected in routine chromosomal analysis, SMCs originating from chromosome 15 were excluded from the present study. CGH-based oligonucleotide chromosomal microarray was performed in 4 patients. Results: The chromosomal origins of SMCs were identified in 3 patients. Case 1 had a SMC of 16.1 Mb in 1q21.1-q23.3. Case 2 showed 21 Mb gain in 19p13.11-q13.12. Case 3 had a 4.5 Mb-sized SMC rearranged from 2 regions of 2.5 Mb in 22q11.1-q11.21 and 2.0 Mb in 22q11.22-q11.23. Conclusion: Case 1 presented a wide range of phenotypic abnormalities including the phenotype of 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. In case 2, Asperger-like symptoms are apparently related to 19p12-q13.11, hearing problems and strabismus to 19p13.11 and other features to 19q13.12. Compared with cat-eye syndrome type I and 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome, anal atresia in case 3 is likely related to 22q11.1-q11.21 while other features are related to 22q11.22-q11.23. Analyzing SMCs using high-resolution chromosomal microarray can help identify specific gene contents and to offer proper genetic counseling by determining genotype-phenotype correlations.

Reverse Baby-step 2k-ary Adult-step Method for 𝜙((n) Decryption of Asymmetric-key RSA (비대칭키 RSA의 𝜙(n) 해독을 위한 역 아기걸음- 2k-ary 성인걸음법)

  • Lee, Sang-Un
    • The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 2014
  • When the public key e and the composite number n=pq are disclosed but not the private key d in an asymmetric-key RSA, message decryption is carried out by obtaining ${\phi}(n)=(p-1)(q-1)=n+1-(p+q)$ and subsequently computing $d=e^{-1}(mod{\phi}(n))$. The most commonly used decryption algorithm is integer factorization of n/p=q or $a^2{\equiv}b^2$(mod n), a=(p+q)/2, b=(q-p)/2. But many of the RSA numbers remain unfactorable. This paper therefore applies baby-step giant-step discrete logarithm and $2^k$-ary modular exponentiation to directly obtain ${\phi}(n)$. The proposed algorithm performs a reverse baby-step and $2^k$-ary adult-step. As a results, it reduces the execution time of basic adult-step to $1/2^k$ times and the memory $m={\lceil}\sqrt{n}{\rceil}$ to l, $a^l$ > n, hence obtaining ${\phi}(n)$ by executing within l times.