• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2021

In this paper, we will introduce the image processing methods for the remote pupillary light reflex measurement using the video taken by a general smartphone camera without a special device such as an infrared camera. We propose an algorithm for estimate the size of the pupil that changes with light using image data analysis without a learning process. In addition, we will introduce the results of visualizing the change in the pupil size by removing noise from the recorded data of the pupil size measured for each frame of the video. We expect that this study will contribute to the construction of an objective indicator for remote pupillary light reflex measurement in the situation where non-face-to-face communication has become common due to COVID-19 and the demand for remote diagnosis is increasing.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2013

In ophthalmology, a pupillometer, a device to measure the diameter of the pupil of the eye, can provide information on the function of the autonomic nervous system. The current pupillometers on the market are either too large to be a handheld instrument, or relatively expensive. In this study, a pupillometer based on a smartphone was designed. Both white and infrared LEDs and a 3M pixel camera of a smartphone were applied for the visual stimuli to an eye and for the acquisition of the eye images, respectively. Contrary to the existing method of pupil measurement that usually observe the variation of pupil diameter, the proposed algorithm in this study was applied to calculate the constriction ratio of the pupillary area in response to pupillary light reflex. The results showed that the constriction ratio of the pupillary area were all in the normal range (above 4.0) from the sixteen healthy participants. It is believed that the approach to pupil measurement used in this study is suitable for a mobile interface, and this system can be applied to clinical research, home-use healthcare, and distributed to some areas which suffer from problems like a lack of medical support.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.3 s.58
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• pp.599-608
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• 1997

We studied on change of lens accommodation and pupil light reflex caused by VDT work in six women and compared them with those of other office works. The results were as follows. 1. In VDT work the accommodation contraction velocity decreased during the first 2-hr VDT task, then recovered markedly by the end of the one-hour lunch break, and decreased again by the end of the 2nd 2-hr VDT task. Changes of relaxation velocity showed similar pattern although it was less typical than that of contraction velocity 2. There was no marked change in accommodation contraction velocity and amplitude of accommodation in general office work and near-distance office work, and in the near-distance office work accommodation relaxation velocity decreased according to work load without recovery after lunch break. 3. Initial pupil diameter, initial pupil area of light reflex decreased significantly during VDT task only in VDT work and didn't recover after lunch break. These results suggest possibility that changes of accommodation contraction velocity, accommodation relaxation velocity, near point distance, and pupil diameter and area are useful in evaluating characteristics of VDT work. For this, more research adjusted individual differences, circadian rhythm, emotional stress needs.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.7-11
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• 1996

The size of pupil with pupillary light reflex is determined by the amount of a luminance. and it is dependent with the distribution function of the retinal illuminance which is the amount of transmittance for the external light due to the size of pupil, and the detector of cone and rod due to the amount of the luminance. The change of the pupil size with the luminance can be expressed with the mathematical model $$y(x)={\alpha}+{\beta}\frac{1}{1+{e}{x}{p}(x-x_0)/{\theta}}$$ where ${\alpha}$ is the size of the pupil diameter in a maximum value of the luminance, ${\beta}$ is the deviation of the pupil's diameter between maximum and minimum, ${\theta}$ is the parameter showed the degree of a sensitivity. Comparing with the experimental value of P.Moon et al, We known that the equation of the model is very compatible.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2021

This study aims to report a case of oculomotor nerve palsy with mydriasis improved by Sa-Am acupuncture (大腸正格). The patient visited our clinic due to Right oculomotor nerve palsy with symptoms such as periocular pain, diplopia, vertigo, ptosis, eye adduction disorder, and mydriasis on November 11th, 2019. For the treatment, Sa-Am acupuncture (大腸正格) which used to give a significant effect on eye diseases and headaches and to remove toxins from the body was performed every time the patient visited the clinic. About a month after the treatment, ptosis disappeared, and eye adduction disorder also changed from -2 to 2 points, showing a significant improvement. Subjective symptoms such as vertigo, diplopia, and eye pain also significantly decreased from 13 to 4 points. At the second month of treatment, the eye adduction disorder improved to a normal level, and subjective ocular discomforts disappeared. The pupil size decreased from 5 mm to 2.5 mm. After 3-4 months from the start of treatment, most of the symptoms including the light reflex returned to normal. After a total of 32 acupunctures treatment, subjective symptoms such as periocular pain, diplopia and vertigo, as well as ptosis and eye adduction disorder disappeared, and the pupil size, including the light reflex, also improved to the normal level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1350-1357
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• 2017

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether the long-lasting, recurrent restricting of sows leads to the physiological and psychological reaction of discomfort. Methods: Sows (Large White) that had experienced restricting for about 0.5 or 3 years and agematched sows kept in a group housing system (loose sows) were compared. Pupillary light reflex parameters were measured at the weaning stage. Immediately after slaughter, blood samples were taken to measure serum cortisol levels, and the brain was dissected, gene expression in the hippo-campus, frontal cortex and hypothalamus was analyzed. Results: The serum cortisol levels were higher in the confined sows than in the loose sows. The full maturity, but not the young adolescent, confined sows had longer latency time in the onset of pupil constriction than their loose counterparts. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed an increased expression of interleukin 6 mRNA in the hippocampus and decreased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in hippocampus and hypothalamus and to a lesser extent in the frontal cortex of the full maturity confined sows, compared with the full maturity loose sows. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicated that recurrent restricting stress in full maturity sows leads to the physiological and psychological reaction of discomfort.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-119
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• 1988

For the relief of pain in 3 cases of whiplash syndromes (case I, II and IV) and in one of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (case III), we have carried out six intentional. total spinal blocks (TSB) which attempted two times in case I, three in case II and one in carte III whoso various symptoms were chronically unresponsive to the usual conservative treatments, and a time of cervical epidural and right suprascapular nerve block in case W whose acute symptom lasted 4 drys following the cervical injury (see fables from 1 to 9). During the 753, we have observed clinically the sequential charges of respiration, lid and pupil reflexes, body motion and consciousness. And checked the blood pressure, pulse rate and arterial Pco2. The effectiveness of those blocks has been assessed by using the Visual Analog Scale which is designed to measure the patient$\acute{s}$ subjective intensity of pain and also we have found out the sequelae following those blocks. The methods of the blocks were as the following: 1. Under the N.P.O. for 8~10 hours, the preparations of immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and premedication with atropine 0.5mg at thirty minutes before the TSB, it was performed by injecting the mixture of 2% mepivacaine 10 or 15ml and normal saline 10 or 5ml through No. 23 G. spinal needle into the subarachnoid space of $C_7-T_1$ interspinous region with fully flexed neck on the lateral posture. Immediately after the injection of the local anesthetic in the lateral position, the patient$\acute{s}$ were hasten to change Trendelenburg$\acute{s}$ position in order to act the drugs cephalad and to make easy controlled respiration with oxygen. 2. The cervical epidural block was done by injecting the mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine 4ml, normal saline 4ml and triamcinolone 15mg through No. 18 G. Tuohy needle into the epidural space on the same region and posture as the above without premedication.7he suprascapular nerve block was done by injecting of 0.5% bupivacaine 3ml only into the right suprascapular fossa on the sitting posture. The results were as the following: 1. The cessation of respiration was seen within 5 minutes following the subarachnoidal injection of the above 20ml mixture in 2 to 3 minutes and then soon the consciousness began to disappear. The loss of Lid and pupil reflexes noted between 5 to 10 minutes and the size of the dilated pupils was equal between 5 to 20 minutes, but the pupil of the dependent side on tile lateral position was dilated 1 to 3 minutes earlier than that of the independent. The patients had r=ever responded to any stimulations during the TSB except their heart funtion. 2. The recovery of the TSB was as the following, firstly the ankle and lower limb of the independent side began to move slightly with in 34 to 75 minutes after the injection and then that of the dependent Secondly the neck and upper limb moved 6 to 15 minutes later than the lower limb. Thirdly the self respiration began to appear between 40 to 80 minutes from the block. The lid and pupil reacted to touch and light respectively between 40 to 80 minutes but the pupil of the independent side responded earlier than that of the depends. Lastly the consciousness recovered completely between 80 to 125 minutes from the block. 3. In the cardiopulmonary function during the TSB, the blood pressure were stable except the 210/130 tory at the and block of case I. There were bradycardias between 65 to 85 minutes in case I and II but no arrythmia on the EKG. The level of the arterial Pco2 was maintained to 43~45 torr during the TSB. 4. The effectiveness of the above blocks was no pain(0%) in case IV, and light (10~20%) in case I and II but no improvement in case III. 5. The right arm weakness has been complicated as to be Injected accidently the "COLD" local anesthetic at the End block of case I.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.27.1-27.4
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• 2022

A 2-year-old spayed female Border Collie presented with visual deficits and behavioral changes. Neurological examination revealed bilateral menace response deficit with a normal pupil light reflex. Cerebral cortical thinning, cerebral sulci and cerebellar fissure widening, ventriculomegaly, and cerebral atrophy were observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histopathology revealed fluorescent lipopigment accumulation in the cerebrum, and the dog was diagnosed with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. This is the first case report describing the changes in clinical signs, MRI findings, and histopathologic changes in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Korea.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.154-157
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• 2016

Transient anisocoria is rare during blowout fracture reconstruction. We report a case of transient anisocoria occurring during medial blowout fracture reconstruction and review the relevant literature. A 54-year-old woman was struck in the face and was admitted for a medial blowout fracture of the left eye. During the operation, persistent bleeding occurred. To control this bleeding, a 1% lidocaine solution with 1:200,000 epinephrine was applied to the orbital wall with cotton pledgets. In total, 40 mL of local anesthetic was used for the duration of the operation. After approximately three hours of the surgery, the ipsilateral pupil was observed to be dilated, with sluggish response to light. By 3 hours after the operation, the mydriasis had resolved with normal light reflex. In conclusion, neurological and ophthalmologic evaluation must be performed prior to blowout fracture surgery. Preoperative ophthalmic evaluation is simple and essential in ruling out any preexisting neurologic condition. Moreover, surgeons must be aware of the fact that excessive injection of lidocaine with epinephrine for hemostasis during orbital wall surgery can result in intraoperative anisocoria. Anisocoria-related situations must be addressed in a proficient manner through sufficient understanding of the mechanism controlling the pupillary response to various stimuli.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.210-218
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and nursing activities of severe trauma patients regarding damaged body parts in Busan Regional Emergency Medical Center. Methods: A survey using a 'trauma patient information questionnaire and a list of nurse activities' was conducted with 133 patients over 15 points ISS on EMR from June 1, 2011 to May 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: Almost all of the subjects were men, and the mean age was 48.8. The amount of road traffic accidents was 60.4%, and the mean RTS and ISS were 6.08, and 23.14 points. Nursing activities in common were airway management, assessment of LOC & GCS, and EKG monitoring. Most of head and neck trauma patients were cared for manasing using intracranial pressure: each patience had the following assessed: pupil size and light reflex, they were checked the leak of CSF, kept $30^{\circ}$ head elevation, and administered medications. Some of chest trauma patients were treated for chest tube and central venous catheter insertion. Partial abdominal trauma patients were administered analgesic and cared for using arterial pressure measurement. Part of the limbs and pelvis trauma patients were given a blood transfusion. Conclusion: Based on the results, the characteristics and nursing activities were specific according to the specific damaged body parts.