• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.587-592
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• 2007

Purpose: In case of postburn flexion contracture of the fingers, skin graft, geometrical relaxation techniques, local flap, and free flap have been used. Among these procedures, full-thickness skin grafts from the inguinal area are widely used to reconstruct a postburn flexion contracture in the fingers. But there are many esthetic and functional problems in this procedure. Especially, hyperpigmentation of the skin-grafted fingers poses a troublesome problem, particularly in the patients who have dark colored skin. To solve the problem, we have used pulp graft which was harvested from the lateral aspect of great toe. In the present study, we report pulp graft, with which we have obtained a good result in the treatment of postburn flexion contracture of the fingers. Methods: Between September of 2004 and August of 2006, great toe pulp graft was performed to 20 sites of 15 patients. After release of the postburn flexion contracture using Z-plasty, the composite tissue (pulp) harvested from the lateral aspect of great toe was grafted on the raw surface. Moisture dressing with ointment and foam dressing material was performed. Stratum corneum of the graft got stripped off in two to four weeks after pulp graft. The color of the pulp graft was slightly reddish, then it became similar to the adjacent tissue. Results: There was complete take in all the patients who were treated with pulp graft. Great toe pulp graft provided similar color and texture to the adjacent skin, high rate of graft take, and left only a minimal scar at donor site. Conclusion: Thick keratin layer and inelastic nature of the pulp make this type of the graft much easier and simpler, and ensure a better take. Pulp graft is useful method for the reconstruction of the postburn flexion contracture in fingers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 1987

After a vital pulpotomy in human permanent teeth, the responses of the remaining pulp tissue under formocresol was studied histologically. The class I cavity was prepared on the teeth and the pulp was amputated. Formocresol was placed over the amputated tissue and the cavity was sealed with zinc phosphate cement and amalgam. The teeth were extracted after 1, and 3 weeks following the operation and were decalcified, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and losin. Microscopic examination reveals as follows; I. Healing of the pulp at the amputated site did not occur in the pulps treated with formocresol. 2. At one week the pulps were normal except only slight inflammatory reaction. 3. At three weeks, the pulps showed the most serious inflammation, bleeding and necrotic state.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.117-121
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• 2006

Virgin bleached kraft pulp, CPO (computer printout) and white ledgers are main raw materials used in tissue mills. The utilization rate of recycled fibers and virgin pulp in South Korea tissue industry are 90% and 10%, respectively. To improve brightness of printing grades the use of 'fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs)' or 'optical brightening agents (OBAs)' has been increased. When recycling these papers for tissue production, it is unavoidable that FWAs contained in recycled papers flow into tissue production lines and remain in the products. And this draws great attention from the public. This study was carried out to develop a technology for the removal of fluorescent whitening agents from recycled fibers. Enzymatic removal of FWAs was evaluated as a method to remove FWAs from the recycled fiber. The ${\alpha}-amylase$ that degrades starched used for surface sizing of fine papers and contained substantial condition is needed to prevent the re-adsorption of FWAs on fibers. The temperature of pulp suspension was another important factor affecting on FWA removal. The higher the temperature, the greater the efficiency of removing FWAs was obtained. Optimum pH and temperature for the effective removal of FWAs were suggested to be pH 8.5 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzymatic removal of FWAs showed a great synergistic effect when proper control in pH and temperature was made.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2015

Traditionally, apexification has been used to treat immature permanent teeth that have lost pulp vitality. This technique promotes the formation of an apical barrier to close the open apex so that the filling materials can be confined to the root canal. Because tissue regeneration cannot be achieved with apexification, a new technique called regenerative endodontic treatment was presented recently to treat immature permanent teeth. Regenerative endodontic treatment is a treatment procedure designed to replace damaged pulp tissue with viable tissue which restores the normal function of the pulp-dentin structure. After regenerative endodontic treatment, continued root development and hard tissue deposition on the dentinal wall can occur under ideal circumstances. However, it is difficult to predict the result of regenerative endodontic treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to summarize multiple factors effects on the result of regenerative endodontic treatment in order to achieve more predictable results. In this study, we investigated the features of regenerative endodontic treatment in comparison with those of other pulp treatment procedures and analyzed the factors that have an effect on regenerative endodontic treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.635-656
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• 1991

It was the aim of this investigation to evaluate some histologic aspect of rat pulp tissue after it had been compromised by an experimental orthodontic force. Experimental animals of thirty five Spraque-Dawley rats were employed. The first upper molars had been successively mesial moved (initial load 100 gr.) with a closed coil spring during 21 days. The experimental periods were set on immediate, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks following retention time. On each experimental period, the rats were killed and prepared for the light microscopy. After prepared with H/E stain and Gomori's one-step trichrome stain, the specimens were analyzed with evaluation criteria which were adopted in this study. The result may be summarized as follows; 1. The main pulp changes due to experimental orthodontic force included vacuolization of odontoblastic layer, circulation disturbance, root resorption, reduced pulp collagenous fiber density and mean cell count of pulp fibroblast in the immediate group. 2. The pulp tissue changes were revealed reversible because the relieved pulp tissues from experimental orthodontic force were recovered rapidly in each evaluation criteria during retention periods. 3. Compared with normal control group, pulp collagenous fiber density were decreased in immediated group (p < 0.01), but increased in each retention groups. These seem to suggest that the pulp tissues were aged after experimental orthodontic force conditions. 4. Compared with normal control group, mean cell counts of pulp fibroblasts were decreased in immediate group (p < 0.05), but increased continuous in each retention groups. These seem to indicate that the pulp tissues were highly regenerative after experimental orthodontic force conditions. 5. Compared with normal control group, root resorptions occurred in all immediate specimens (p < 0.01) and they were healed in each retention periods, but often observed in 4 weeks retention group. These seem to indicate that root resorptions were recovered slowly after experimental orthodontic force conditions.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2002

One fifth dilution of formocresol is usually used for pulpotomy of the primary teeth and emergency pulpotomy of the permanent teeth. However the use of formaldehyde has been subjected to criticism because it may be absorbed into the blood stream and become distributed systemically, it nay also alter the pulp tissue rendering it immunologically active, and have carcinogenic potential. Recently Depulpin$^{\circledR}$(VoCo., Germany) gains popularity as a devitalizing agent during root canal therapy in spite of high concentration of 49 % paraformaldehyde because it facilitate devitalization of pulp and make root canal therapy easier But there have been not enough publications about the reaction of pulp and periapical tissue caused by Depulpin. This study was performed to evaluate the histological changes in pulp and periapical tissue of rats after pulpotomy using formocresol and Depulpin and to elucidate the toxic effects of these agents. Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine Maxillary first molar teeth were used for pulpotomy with formocresol and Depulpin. Rats were sacrificed after 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. Specimens were histologically observed by light microscope changes in pulp and periapical tissue. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Formocresol group A zone of fixed tissue. in which odontoblasts could clearly be defined, was present directly underneath the pulpotomy dressing in almost all teeth of this group. This was followed by an area of necrotic tissue which resembled dried out fibrous tissue with no cellular detail except some pyknotic nuclei. In the specimens of after 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks in which vital tissue was present, it was separated from the fibrous area by a zone of inflammation. In the specimens of after 3 weeks and after 4 weeks, inflammatory infiltrate was in the periodontal ligament adjacent to the apical foramina of the teeth. 2. Depulpin$^{\circledR}$ group The area of necrotic tissue which had no cells and fibers, was present adjacent to the dressing. This was followed by dried out fibrous tissue with no cellular details except some pyknotic nuclei, A short stump of vital pulp with odontoblasts was present at the end of the canal after 2 days. Inflammatory infiltrate was in the periodontal ligament after 4 days and after 1week. Severe root resolution and necrosis of periapical tissue opposite the root resorption site were defined after 2 weeks and after 3 weeks. Periapical lesion which consist of necrotic tissue surrounded by a fibrous connective wall, was found after 4 weeks. The results indicated that Depulpin can cause more adverse reaction to the dental pulp and periapical tissue than formocresol, and further studies are needed for its clinical use with safety.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2011

As the dental pulp is encased with a rigid, noncompliant shell, changes in pulpal blood flow or vascular tissue pressure can have serious implication for the health of pulp. Numerous studies have demonstrated that orthodontic force application may influence both blood flow and cellular metabolism, leading degenerative and/or inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. The aim of this case report is to present a case about tooth with chronic periapical abscess which showed normal vital responses. Excessive orthodontic force is thought to be the prime cause of partial pulp necrosis. Owing to remaining vital tissue, wrong dianosis can be made, and tooth falsely diagnosed as vital may be left untreated, causing the necrotic tissue to destroy the supporting tissuses. Clinician should be able to utilize various diagnostic tools for the precise diagnosis, and be aware of the endodontic-orthodontic inter-relationship.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2000

Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) have been implicated in the genesis of pulpal and periapical inflammation. In this study, the relationships among $PGE_2$, 6-keto-PG $F_1{\alpha}$ (a stable metabolite of $PGI_2$) and $LTB_4$ concentrations in inflamed pulp and periapical lesions were discussed. Pulp tissue were obtained in routine endodontic treatment and periapical lesions in periapical surgery after clinical diagnoses were made. These specimens were divided into four groups as normal pulp group (Control group), acute pulpitis group, chronic pulpitis group, and periapical lesion group. Pulp tissue and periapical lesions were stored in liquid nitrogen. The concentration of $PGE_2$, $PGI_2$ and $LTB_4$ were measured with ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significantly higher levels of $PGE_2$, 6-keto-PG $F_1{\alpha}$ a and $LTB_4$ were found in acute pulpitis group than chronic pulpitis group and periapical lesion group(p<0.05). Periapical lesion group showed significantly higher mean concentrations of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ than chronic pulpitis group. In control and chronic pulpitis group, significant higher levels of $PGI_2$ than $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ were found. These results suggested that the high levels of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ in periapical lesions may be due to rich endothelium., fibroblast and lymphocyte known as the main producers of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$. $PGI_2$ may be thought to one of the most abundant PGs in normal pulp tissue.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.167-176
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to invesigate the effect of Yook-Gun-ja-Tang on the side effect of cyclophosphamide to splenical tissue in the rat. The experimental animal were divided into normal group, control group, sample group by way of method treatment of the drug. Each group was sacrificed and stained in accordance with the schedule and observed under light microscope. The results of this study were as follow : 1. After treatment of Yook-Gun-Ja-Tang, rat's weight and volume were more increased than normal group and control group. 2. The decrease of the numbers of the splenical tissue after administration of cyclophosphamide were recovered with prescription of the Yook-Gun-la-Tang ; The decreases of white pulp, red pulp, marginal zone, central artery were recovered. 3. Increased macrophages in red pulp of splenical tissue of rats with administration of cyclophosphamide were decreased after treatment of Yook-Gun-Ja-Tang. These results appeared to suggest that Yook-Gun-Ja-Tang might be effective on the: side effect of cyclophosphamide to splenical tissue of rat's and applied to the prescription for the recovery of the side effect of drug.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was to determine the close relation between clinical symptom and histopathologic finding in pulp. 20 samples of pulp tissue were collected from badly decayed teeth with considerable pulp vitality. Hemogram was also made with the first drop of bleedieg after total pulp extirpation (10cases) and vital pulpotomy(10cases). Histologic specimen was made routinely with extirpated pulp and stained by H&E and P.A.S. Stains. The results under microsopic examination were as follows; 1. Hemogram obtained from dental pulp with acute inflammation revealed increase of polymorphonuclear leukocyte in number, more lymphocytes and monocytes. 2. Hemogram from pulp with chronic inflammation shown the number of lymphocyte and monocyte was remarkably increased. 3. Histologi specimen obtained from teeth with severe clinical symptome showed polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and the hemogram also showed polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 4. Specimen from teeth with moderate symptom showed lymphocyte infiltration and vessel dilatation underneath decayed area. Erythrocytes were massively accumulated inside of the vessel wall.