• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1901-1910
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• 2014

Current domestic and overseas BIM practice and research efforts show very few examples that design and construction BIM data could be successfully used for efficient operation and maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure in particular. This study takes public wastewater treatment plant requiring an enhancement of operation and maintenance capability into account to develop a prototype BIM-based maintenance management system. The system is designed and implemented following a typical system development procedure and validated by the system outputs per four scenarios being considered to be main maintenance activities: The research results are expected to contribute to the upgrade of current wastewater treatment plant maintenance level, which is more demanded as water-related regulation and policy direction changes to region-based large scale O&M and asset management adoption, and overseas market participation.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate flexural strength, composite surface and fractured surface of three different indirect composite resins. Methods: Fifteen bar-shaped specimens ($25mm{\times}2mm{\times}2mm$) were fabricated for each FL group (Flow type and Light curing) and PLP group (Putty type and Light, Pressure curing) and PL group (Putty type and Light curing) according to manufacturer's instructions and ISO 10477. Fabricated specimens were stored in the distilled water for 24 hours at the temperature of $37^{\circ}C$. Three-point bending strength test was performed to measure flexural strength using universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min (ISO 10477). Surface and fractured surface of specimens were observed by digital microscope. Results were analyzed with Kruskal-wallis tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Mean (SD) of three different indirect composite resins were 83.38 (6.67) MPa for FL group, 139.90(16.53) MPa for PLP group and 171.72(16.74) MPa for PL group. Flexural strength were statistically significant (p<0.05). Differences were not observed at fractured surface among three groups. However, many pores over $100{\mu}m$ were observed at PL group in observing surface of specimen. Conclusion: Flexural strength of composite resins was affected by second polymerization method and content of inorganic filler.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.166-175
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• 2017

Background: This study presents food ingestion standards for radioactivity that can be applied in nuclear emergency exposure situations, and discusses the validity of the current domestic standards. Materials and Methods: This study derived food ingestion standards for radiocesium and radioiodine using domestic food intake rates and intervention levels, which serve as a basis for determining the necessity of public protective actions, and then compared them with the existing guidelines. Operational intervention levels were also derived using domestic food intake rates, and were compared with those of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Results and Discussion: The derived activity concentrations for food ingestion standards of radiocesium for infants were higher than those in the Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (APPRE) for all food categories, while for adults, the derived activity concentrations for drinking water and milk appeared to be slightly lower. The derived activity concentrations for vegetables, fruits, and grains were greater than those in the guidelines of the APPRE, while the derived activity concentrations for meat and seafood were similar to those in the APPRE. The derived activity concentrations for radioiodine were greater than both domestic and global standards. The calculated operational intervention levels (OILs) based on domestic food intake rates were greater than the IAEA's default OIL6 values for most radionuclides, except for a few ${\alpha}$-radionuclides. Conclusion: The current domestic guidelines turned out to be conservative overall, compared to the present results that were calculated using domestic food intake rates. It is recommended that the domestic guidelines should be revised and complemented transparently through an in-depth review by stakeholders on a solid scientific basis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.445-448
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• 2008

It is essential that concrete component is made up with aggregate, cement and water. But today, Public concern is increasing of a variety structure and ocean environmental, resource recycle. Also, According to heat of hydration rising, Concrete is make a causative of concrete-crack. Concrete-crack cause a falling-off in quality of concrete. consequently, High-performance concrete is evaluated by concrete material properties and carbonation resistance with different admixture(fixing fly-ash 20%), granulated blast furnace slag replacement ratio (30%, 45%) different W/B (26%, 30%, 34%) and XRD(X-ray Diffraction) analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.16-28
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• 2007

In this study, the implications for landscape architecture in the restoration Project of Cheonggyecheon will be shown through the analysis of factors for landscape architect scheme modification. The method of study consists of theoretical study, analysis of the plan and design of landscape architecture of the restoration project of Cheonggyecheon, and deduction of implications thereof. The controversial feints included the many difficulties in realizing the productive design of landscape architecture due to the selective collecting of public opinion and the problems of settling the complications, the design limit of the turnkey and MA systems, the lack of hydraulic knowledge and technology and the shortage of vegetation monitoring data and experimental materials. The alternative proposals are as follows: 1) there should be agreement between the government organization and the civil group, 2) in the turnkey bidding for the river restoration projects, the river restoration design based on the volume divided into some parts should be reconsidered in order to maintain consistency in the total design, 3) in order to maintain consistency in the planning policies, MA designs should also be introduced and applied from the first stage of the project through its completion, and 4) data such as the safe water level in case of flooding for the facilities and the vegetation and data in connection with the ecological restoration of river should be accumulated. If these controversies are not settled effectively, the river restoration project will be delayed due to complications with the citizens and wasted time and effort will result from the frequent design changes. In addition, landscape architecture in this kind of restoration project is bound to decrease in the future due to frequent changes in the hydraulic-centered design.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.360-368
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• 2016

A more efficient use of nutrients can benefit both farmers and water quality. To propose an establishment scheme for official standards for liquid fertilizer from swine manure slurry, we evaluated previous and present data related to swine manure as well as analyzed 101 swine manure samples collected from 28 public livestock recycling centers throughout the nation. From these investigations, we found that the official standards for byproduct fertilizers set by the Rural Development Administration (RDA), especially for a liquid swine manure fertilizer, should be revised due to nutrient content requirements having to meet at least 0.3% content for the sum of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Otherwise, most of the swine manure cannot be utilized as a liquid fertilizer because the result of the 101 samples' analysis showed fewer than 28% of them met the minimum standard of ${\geq}0.3%$ content for the sum of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while the contents of heavy metals as indicators of toxicity met the standard requirements. Therefore, it is suggested that official standards for byproduct fertilizers set by RDA should be revised as follows: no limit for nutrient contents and addition of chloride as homogeneity. Also, NaCl should be changed to Na because NaCl cannot be analyzed by instrument.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.15
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• pp.165-186
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• 2004

When certificates of qualification relating to computer have shown up like dam water and meeting the age of office automation (OA) utilizing computer throughout the community, and at the point of time when the promotion of efficiency of duty is attempted by utilizing internet, the improvement plans should be groped for to expect to cultivate the national industrial manpower efficiently and by easily approaching the related OA certificates of qualification related to computer so that everyone can acauire the additional points for recognition of credit, entering company and promotion by the dimension of public trust, recognition degree, practial using level in actual affairs, reliability of problems and after manpower management of the certificates of qualification less expensively and saving time. the concrete plans are as follows: First, in the standard of making questions for the examination of 'Computer Utilizing Ability' executed by the chamber of commerce and Industry, there is the independent examination, but by inserting the presentation portion in the higher grade and middle grade, it should be contributed to improve office efficiency both in mane and reality. Second, though the internet retriever's examination is executed by the nongovernment specialized examination, since it is actually widely utilized in the office activities due to universality of using internet, it is now the time to newly establish and accommodate it as the national examination of 'internet Utilizing Ability', not the interest specialized retriever. Third, the applicants, shall take examination for the nongoverment certificate of qualification or enterprise's certificate of qualification at the date and place designated by the applicant, but there are much restrictions for the national certificate of qualification, so the date of examination shall be decided flexibly and efficiently to give chances to students by adjusting to the semesters of the students. Fourth, in this rapidly changing age of the informationalization community, the acquisition of the certificates of qualification through the university and the designated and entrusted educational institutes should be increased the proportion of activation to become officially recognized, and the extent of special treatment for obtainers of the certificate of qualification should be expanded to equip manpower competitive power in the age of informationalization.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2016

This study evaluated some markers of oxidative stress in the organs of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus from Eleyele River in Oyo State, Nigeria. Clarias gariepinus (250 g-400 g) were collected from Eleyele River (a suspected polluted River) and Clarias gariepinus from a clean fish farm (Durantee fisheries) were used as the control. Levels of Malondialdehyde (index of lipid peroxidation), Glutathione (GSH) and activities of antioxidant enzymes- Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) were evaluated in the liver, kidney and gills of the fish. From the results, there were significant (p<0.001) increases in malondialdehyde and GSH levels in the liver, kidney and gills of Clarias gariepinus from Eleyele River compared with control. The activity of GST increased significantly (p<0.05; p<0.001) in the liver and kidney of fish from Eleyele River compared with control. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05; p<0.001) in SOD activity in all the organs of Clarias gariepinus from Eleyele River compared with conrol and also a significant (p<0.001) decrease in catalase activity in the gills and kidney of the fish but catalase activity increased in the liver. Increase in lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant status in Clarias gariepinus from Eleyele River show that the fish were under oxidative stress. These suggest that the River is polluted probably as a result of various wastes frequently discharged into the River. This could pose serious health risks to consumers of water and aquatic organisms from the River.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2007

Although the importance of good conservation of historical sites including ancient royal tombs is well aware, still not much attention has been paid for facilities to realize it. There are numerous ancient royal tombs spread in Korean peninsula which are opened and some of them are selectively on display for public access. However, the conservation measures of these sites have not been seriously investigated. Even the level of understanding of the underground environment of tombs is not satisfactory. In the present study, we focus on the dehumidification loads to maintain appropriate conservation conditions in terms of temperature and humidity. Two experimental tombs different in size were built in KNU (Kongju National University) campus with the dimensions ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) of $1.0m{\times}2.8m{\times}1.0m\;and\;1.3m{\times}3.0m{\time}1.2m$, respectively, HVAC systems are installed to maintain a suitable condition for conservation, i.e., $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in temperature and $55{\pm}5%$ in relative humidity. The condensed water are measured to estimate the dehumidification loads while the temperature and the humidity inside the tombs were maintained within the specified range.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.264-276
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to propose HACCP system implementation properly and to secure the food safety of school foodservices in Pohang city since the proper facilities and equipment should be key factors in food safety and production. So this study was designed to evaluate existing equipment in food production area, receiving and dining area, and employee facilities. Questionnaire was mailed to 107 school foodservice dietitians in Pohang area and 97 were responded (90.7% response rate). Approximately sixty percent of foodservices were not available separate receiving or polluted area, fifty one percent were installed screen door for insecticidal and temperature and humidity control, and these environmental conditions were hard to keep kitchen dry and sanitary condition. Usually public schools were better equipped than private schools. Forty three percent of school foodservice had initial use of non-foodservice, opened before 1994, and thirty three percent of elementary school foodservice. Among employee facilities, hand washing sanitation stand was prepared seventy nine percent (78.9%) of school foodservices. Dietitians chose outworn equipment and facilities (30.9%), difficulties of maintaining standard temperature and humidity for foodservice (20.6%), lacking separate receiving or polluted area (13.4%), indirect contamination of water hoss (10.3%), and lacking employee facilities (10.3%) as critical points to correct in school foodservice. Therefore governmental regulating agencies must review and approval of plans prior to new construction or extensive remodeling of school foodservice facilities. In addition to these requirement, plan must be set-up step by step to implement HACCP system properly.