• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.6 s.84
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• pp.117-129
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information about hierarchical spatial compositions of lounges and corridors in elderly skilled nursing facilities through the analysis of elderly residents' behaviors. For the study, five researchers observed the behavior of the elderly in the lounges and corridors of five facilities from 10 AM. to 4 PM. at 30-minute intervals for the investigation of hierarchical spatial compositions. And then, the design characteristics of public and semi-public area were analyzed by evaluating their openness, centrality, accessibility, and stimulations. The results of this study were as follows. First, the public area was focused on the lounge, and the semi-public area was formed on the comers of corridors and the parts of lounge walls. The private and semi-private area were distributed to the whole lounges and corridors. Second, in morning time, the semi-public area was concentrated on the wall of lounge instead of on the comers of corridors, and in afternoon, the residents' behaviors relevant to the private and semi-public areas were increased. Especially, the comers of corridors were utilized as the main semi-public areas. Third, the public area could encourage the participation of the elderly residents when it was opened to other areas more than 40% and close to the nursing station. But, the central garden made the accessibility from the elderly private room to the public area not good. The ideal openness of semi-public area was indicated as 25-30%, and its centrality was $10{\sim}15m$ which was a little far from the nursing station. Forth, furniture arrangements gave large influence to the behavior characteristics in the semi-public areas. Especially, sofa arrangements in the comers of corridors increased informal interactions among the elderly. In conclusion, the public area needs high rate of openness and should satisfy both of the centrality and accessibility so that it lead the elderly participations from the private and semi-private areas. The semi-public area should be in a little distance from nursing station and provide with furniture sets for the elderly informal interactions.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2000

This study tries to promote an effective use of semi-public space of urban street in social point of view. The main results are follows. First, semi-public space is occupied by private users and it makes urban landscape unrecoverable. The real problem is that people do not know the space is for public use rather than pure private use. Second, the standard of semi-public space requirement should be changed from floor space to lot area. In addition, the standard should apply to buildings on an area less than a legal standard. Third, some ways of attaining the semi-public space in relation with adjacent lots should be introduced in the case of urban redevelopment nad living condition improvement projects.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

The most ordinary form of residential type in Korea is a plate-type apartment, and the common space in these apartment is attracting as an important factor for enhancing social exchanges among neighbors and forming community consciousness. In addition, it provides a sense of psychological security by enabling natural exchanges and communication in contemporary society. It is desirable to plan the flow of space in such a way that private, semi-private, semi-public, and public spaces are linked. Semi-private and semi-public spaces can be defined as common spaces. Semi-private spaces are strongly recognized in the order of unit household entrance, main entrance, elevator, corridor, staircase, playground, bench, trail, walkway and parking lot, exercise space, main/back gate, the ability to gratify is increased sense of belonging, ownership consciousness formation, defensive function. Semi-public space is strongly recognized in the order of playground, bench, exercise space, trail, main entrance, walkway and parking lot, unit household entrance, main/back gate, corridor, staircase, elevator, the ability to gratify is increase of social contact, Secondary activity space function. In addition, the function to gratify in the common space differs according to gender and age group among resident characteristics, and differs according to corridor type, parking lot type and main entrance type. Therefore, differentiated planning of common space is needed in consideration of these differences in the design of common space in future.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

This study aimed to select and evaluate policy priorities for the expansion of public and semi-public systems for coastwise passenger transport services. For research methodology, the Consistent Fuzzy Preference Relations (CFPR) method was used to effectively extract expert knowledge. First, the result of the analysis on policy tasks for expanding the semi-public system for coastwise passenger transport services showed that "the establishment of public transportation fare system" was the most important task at 0.160. Second, "conversion of the subsidiary routes to a public system by the central government" was ranked next at the importance of 0.136. The factor named "support through proper allocation of budgets between national and local governments" are ranked third (0.119). The results of this study have practical implications in that it proposed the policy priorities for the expansion of the public semi-public systems for coastwise passenger transport services.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.184-194
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• 2018

Recently, the need to introduce bus lines on a welfare basis is increasing as public intervention in bus routes is accelerated through semi-public bus system. The main objective of this study is to establish the concept of PSO (public service obligation) bus line on a welfare basis and propose a classification method of PSO bus line under semi-public bus system. We introduced 3 indexes such as "equity" in terms of bus line distribution, "publicity" in terms of age distribution, and "profitability" in terms of bus operating revenues. On the basis of 3 indexes, we introduced the PSO bus line, which is fair and public, even if it is not profitable. Based on the concept established in this study, we divided 130 ordinary city bus lines in Busan Metropolitan City into 8 PSO bus lines. Also, considering the positive impact of public buses, which are less profitable, but improve the mobility of residents and secure public community, we suggested the need to introduce public buses in bus service shortage areas.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.195-209
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information about design guidelines of activity areas in elderly nursing facilities. For the study, the activity areas of 44 facilities in Korea were investigated to categorize their spatial compositions and forms, and then a case study about 19 facilities was conducted to analyse their hierarchical characteristics. The results of the study were as follows: First, the major type of spatial composition among 44 research facilities was concentration, but compartment type was the main among unit-care facilities. By the year, all the types of spatial composition were evenly distributed during recent five years, while concentration type was about 40% before 2003. Second, the major form of activity areas was hall or corridor extension for large group. But there was more alcove or separation form among small group spaces. Third, in the case analysis about hierarchical characteristics, hall and corridor extension form met the requirements of accessibility and openness of public and semi-public areas. On the other hand, separation form had a problem in satisfying both requirements. The semi-private areas, which were around the elderly bedrooms and the elderly were able to watch activities in, were not sufficient in many facilities. Fourth, the division of public and semi-public area was mainly by furniture, and the individuality of semi-private area was defined by dead-end place and corner seats of the window or the corridor. The diversity of semi-private area was likely to be appeared in connection or distribution type. On the basis of the results, the basic design guidelines for activity areas in elderly nursing facilities could be suggested as follows: On the whole, connection or distribution type in spatial composition is more efficient for hierarchical flow than concentration or compartment type is, especially in Korean facilities having many elderly residents per floor. In detail, the design of public and semi-public area should be focused on their openness and accessibility. The recommended forms of activity areas were hall or corridor extension in public area, and living room, corridor extension, or large corridor in semi-public area to effectively function as large or small group spaces. In semi-private areas, the spatial diversity and individuality should be considered.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.149-168
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• 2019

Public information arrivals and their immediate incorporation in asset price is a key component of semi-strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. In this study, we explore the impact of public information arrivals on cryptocurrency market via Twitter posts. The empirical analysis was conducted through various methods including Kapetanios unit root test, Maki cointegration analysis and Markov regime switching regression analysis. Results indicate that while in bull market positive public information arrivals have a positive influence on Ripple's value; in bear market, however, even if the company releases good news, it does not divert out the Ripple from downward trend.

• Archives of design research
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• no.16
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• pp.27-38
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• 1996

Environmental design is the process of creating and suggesting a new culture retlectmg the spirits and scientific know ledges of an age, so il is important for a designer, who deals environment, to perceive the present trend of science, The goal of this study is to suggest a way to recover the vanishing image in current urban environment from the viewpoint of changing world-view, The process of this study is as follows. 1. According to spatial hierarchy, the role of each space and the importance of each space in correlation with human are considered. 2. The method to undersk, nd the space from the viewpoint of new paradigm and the direction of environmental design's access are suggested. 3. The notion that introduction of semi public space In urban environment is consistent with new paradigm is demonstrated and the semi public space's role of stimulation of urban activity is emphasized. The result of this study shows a possibility that semi public space, introduced by understanding of a space on the basis of new paradigm, expands the territory of life and overcomes tile negative environmental problem like disorder, increase of entropy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental privacy on the perspective of integration and segregation of spatial areas in facilities for the elderly, through investigating required environmental privacy at each hierarchical space, the contextual situation and counterplan for the privacy. For the study, a content analysis for 35 foreign academic journal articles published from 1990 to August of 2013 was conducted. The results of the study were as follows: First, four hierarchical spaces had somewhat integrated characteristics as being required various types of privacy beyond the original features of each space. Especially semi-public and public spaces were needed the privacy similar to in private or semi-private areas. Second, the contextual situation for the privacy was mainly from undesirable access and psychological pressure of other residents, staff and etc. to the residents' personal space, stuff, and behaviors. The other was from no space (no sitting) or no equipments for privacy. Third, the counterplan for privacy was categorized as improvements of physical environments and making defensible space or keeping physical distance of the elderly. It is suggested that welfare of the aged act in Korea about the room capacity for the elderly facilities needs to be reconsidered for the privacy in their individual rooms and the privacy in semi-public and public area must be considered to make the behavior scope of the elderly extended.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.71-81
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• 2011

This study aims to make evaluation method as a means to evaluate the crime prevention through environmental design of multi-family housing. According to the analysis of correctness and usefulness of evaluation method in multi-family housing, the preliminary evaluation method is selected. The correctness and usefulness of evaluation method is examined by 2 works. One is analyzing the results of experts' advice about evaluation method. The other is analyzing the results of the case studies of 3 housing sites. Those improve evaluation method to measure the crime prevention through environmental design objectively. As a result, the system of classification is divided into evaluation area and evaluation item. Evaluation area is sorted into four types, i.e. public space, semi-public space, semi-private space, and equipment. Evaluation scores according to evaluation area are different. Evaluation scores of public space are 73. Those of semipublic space are 196. Those of semi-private space are 75, Those of equipment are 28. Evaluation item is divided into 20 items. 20 items are; the entrance of complex, apartment building, recreational space and parking space etc. Checklists according to evaluation items are proposed and detail evaluation criteria according to checklist are proposed.