• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the differences in psychopathology, temperament, and character factors between young adults with and without childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods : The subjects consisted of 314 university students (male=72, female=242) in Gongju. They were divided into childhood ADHD group (N=54) and normal group (N=260) to the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Participants were assessed using Korean Adult ADHD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Test, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Paranoia Scale, Korean-Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, spearman correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were applied to analyze the data. Results : Participants with childhood ADHD symptoms had high level of adult ADHD symptoms (p<.001), impulsiveness (p=.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001), internet addiction (p<.001), paranoia tendency (p<.001) and low level of selfesteem (p<.001) compared to normal group. Self-directedness (p<.001) was lower, Harm avoidance (p=.001) and Self-transcendence (p=.029) were higher in the childhood ADHD group. In correlation and stepwise multiple regression, childhood ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with cooperativeness (r=-0.515 and ${\beta}$=-0.547, p<.001 respectively). Conclusion : This result showed that young adults with childhood ADHD symptoms had various forms of psychopathology and childhood ADHD symptoms were influenced by character such as cooperativeness. Therefore, more thorough evaluation regarding childhood ADHD symptoms is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-153
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the current prevalence rate of school bullying and its related psychopathology. Methods : A total of 3,550 elementary/middle school students and their parents were recruited for this study. A self-report questionnaire on perpetration and victimization in school bullying was used for collection of data regarding prevalence and the present state of school bullying. For evaluation of associated psychopathology, self report forms, including the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (ARS), Korean-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Korean-Youth Self Report (K-YSR), and the Korean Eppendorf Schizophrenia Inventory (K-ESI) were applied. Samples were classified according to four subtype groups (control, victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator) and characteristics of each group were compared. Results : Overall, the prevalence rate for bullying perpetration was 64.4% and the prevalence rate for bullying victimization was 63.4%, indicating involvement of more than half of students in school bullying. Bully-victims reported high social immaturity and depressive and suicidal tendency, whereas bully-perpetrators reported less social immaturity and more externalizing problems. Among the subtype groups, the victim-perpetrator group showed the most prominent depressive/anxiety tendency and behavioral problems. Conclusions : Both victimization and perpetration of bullying are common problems for child and adolescent groups and several psycho-social problems were found to be related. The results of this study will guide direction of future study and development of strategies for prevention of bullying.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.148-160
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• 1990

This paper reports on the development of the Children's Separtion Rating Scale(CSRS), its initial reliability and validity, and clinical/research utility with psychiatrically hospitalized children. The CSRS appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, and useful in distinguishing children's separation reaction from their general psychopathology. It may be also useful in aiding clinicians in differential diagnosis. This study points to the need for further understanding of children's psychiatric hospitalization in relation to their separation reaction and its possible untoward effects. Findings of this pilot study support the notion that inpatient treatment programs should address the developmental needs and abilities of the various age groups and the particular deficits reflected in their psychopathology.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 1999

There are a number of approaches in developing experimental models for depression, but there is no such thing as a best model for depressive syndrome. Animal models are subject to the obvious limitations inherent in the assumption that human psychopathology can be represented accurately in lower animals. Recently, the concern increasingly is to develop a variety of experimental paradigms in animals to study selected aspects of human psychopathology, and animal models should be understood as basically experimental preparations that are developed to carry out these objects. Therefore, a battery of a variety of animal models should be applied to permit detailed pathophysiological studies and to develop new antidepressant treatments. Animal models of depression basically consider behavioral isomorphism with the human depression a plus, but not a req-uirement, and the model behavior should be defined operationally in order to be reproduced reliably by other researchers and be responsive to those agents possessing demonstrated clinical efficacy in human depression. In conclusion, animal models of depression have played a significant role in elucidating pathophysiology of depression and developing current treatments for depression, but there is no single comprehensive model for depression until now. Each of the proposed animal model has its advantages and limitations. In other words, certain paradigms are suitable for studying certain phenomena, whereas others are more suitable for studying other aspects. The best model for depression depends upon what the question is.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 1993

The authors investigated the relationship among stress, mental health and academic performance of high school students(322 males and 320 females). using stress questionaires and Korean version of SCL-90-R. The problem related to academic achievement was highest stressful. The percent of disturbed subjects was 30.68% Interpersonal sensitivity(12.4% ) in the male and depression(15.6%) in the female were prevalent mental health problems. The scores of the stress questionaire positively correlated with the SCL-90-R scores. It suggests that stress is highly related to mental health problem. However, there was no significant correlation between the academic records and SCL-90-R scores. The results were discussed with respect to adjustment problems of the high school students, and implications for prevention and educational program were suggested.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2015

Objective : The current study investigated the personality characteristics in the victims of sexual violence, by using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test which are commonly used in clinical medicine. Methods : A total of 40 victims of sexual violence (only female) completed the Korean version of the MMPI. 31 (77.5%), and theywere patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. These victims of sexual violence had been admitted to the Dankook University Hospital in Cheonan. Results : The MMPI scores of the sexual victims were significantly higher on Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Si, than the comparison group by ANCOVA. Conclusion : The victims of sexual violence may have developed the following characteristics: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizoid and social introversion. The finding suggests psychotic psychopathology rather than neurotic psychopathology. These results suggested that the psychopatholgy in the victims of sexual violence may be different, compared to the control group.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.161-167
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• 2014

Objectives This study aims to investigate possible associations between proneness toward smartphone addiction and certain psychopathological variables to evaluate the psychopathological meaning of smartphone addiction. Methods Questionnaires were assigned to 755 adults between September and November 2012. We used the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11). Subjects were classified into two groups according to the scores of the SAPS ; the addiction proneness group and the normal-user group. Results The addiction proneness group had significantly higher scores than the normal-user group in the BDI, BAI, OCI-R, and BIS-11. The scores of the SAPS were positively correlated with the scores of the BDI, BAI, OCI-R, and BIS-11. Using logistic regression analysis, smartphone addiction proneness showed a significant association with BIS-11. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that smartphone addiction proneness may be associated with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and impulsivity. Furthermore, impulsivity could be a vulnerability marker for smartphone addiction proneness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of listening to music in inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia, on their auditory hallucinations, and positive and negative symptoms. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design with $2{\times}2$ cross-over trial and convenience sample was used. Eleven patients (Group AB) listened to music followed by a wash out period and then a usual care period, and 12 patients (Group BA) had a usual care period followed by a wash out period and then listened to music. For one week those who were in the experimental period listened to individualized music using an MP3 player whenever they heard hallucinations. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of auditory hallucinations after listening to the music. There was a decrease in the mean scores for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology after listening to music, but only negative symptoms showed a statistically significant decrease. The treatment effects on scores for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology were greater in Group BA than Group AB. Conclusion: These findings suggest that listening to music may be useful for managing auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia inpatients.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures neural activation due to various cognitive processes. EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in studies investigating psychopathology and neural substrates of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to review recent ERP studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. ERPs are non-invasive methods for studying synaptic functions in the brain. ERP might be a candidate biomarker in child-adolescent psychiatry, considering its ability to reflect cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. For the EEG study of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents, several ERP components have been used, such as mismatch negativity, P300, error-related negativity (ERN), and reward positivity (RewP). Regarding executive functions and inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), P300 latency, and ERN were significantly different in patients with ADHD compared to those in the healthy population. ERN showed meaningful changes in patients with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with depression showed significantly attenuated RewP compared to the healthy population, which was related to the symptoms of anhedonia.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.719-751
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• 2010

While Lukacs advocated the progressive effect that Darwin's evolutionary theory had on Goethe and Balzac, he was convinced that the "influences of Nietzsche, Freud, or Spengler on the writers" of his own time were "devastating." He maintains that to the "'vacuous' reality" of bourgeois life, "the bourgeois writer counterposes 'the life of the soul,' which is 'alone decisive.' This life of the soul then becomes the centre of gravity, and sometimes the sole content of his portrayal." Naming this creative tendency psychologism, he warns against the danger of "depicting only the 'inner life,' and carrying on a more or less conscious education in the direction of political and social indifferentism, of ignoring and pushing aside the 'inessential,' 'external' struggles of the world, in favour of the 'life of the soul,' which is all that matters." However, Frantz Fanon's analysis of the psychology of the colonized in Black Skin, White Masks displays that after all, "the life of the soul" cannot be separated from the "external' struggles of the world." Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy, which criticizes the conduct of World War I by British leaders and the British society in general with its patriarchal, gender, and class repression by depicting the psychopathology of the shell shock victims of the same war amply shows the possibility of portraying the "external struggles of the world" through the in-depth probing into "the life of the soul" and finding political and social relevance in the process.