• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.481-487
• /
• 2013

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the visual reactions of users when they are playing games of different flow levels, and to explore the visual variables that can sensitively reflect the different flow levels. Background: The flow is defined as a psychological state where interface users feel their actions in a virtual setting identical to those in real environment. To measure the flow states of users, the questionnaire-based FSS(Flow State Scale) has mostly been used. However, this method is a qualitative test that has limits in terms of the accuracy of users' flow experiences. Therefore, more accurate methods to measure users' flow experiences are required. Method: Ten subjects participated in the experiment, where the independent variables were three games with different flow levels(puzzle games, dot drawing and coloring) and the time frame(the first and last 10 seconds in game playing), whereas the dependent variables included the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking. This study was a within-subject design. Each participant performed three types of games with different flow levels 3 times for each for 10 minutes, and their visual reactions to each game were measured. Results: The higher the flow cause the bigger pupil size(p<0.01) and the lower eye blinking frequency(p<0.1), indicating that different types of games lead to different flow levels. The pupil size during the last 10 seconds when the flow level was higher was bigger by 2.1% compared with that during the first 10 seconds in game playing(p<0.1), and the eye blinking frequency decreased by 12%(p<0.01). Conclusion: It was found out that the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking were psychophysiological indices for evaluating users' flow experiences, which could quantify the flow states users go through. The psychophysiological variables capable of measuring diverse aspects of the flow need diversifying to be applicable to precise measurement of the flow. Application: These studies are warranted for both quantitative analysis of flow levels and qualitative improvement of cyber leisure in line with development of healthy games.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 1990

'What is nursing' this question could always be arised and such a question could bring forth the new possibility to definete the nursing concept more clearly. At the middle of 19th Centry, Mrs. Nightingale defined the concept of nursing as follows; 'Nursing is a kind of treatment act to aid the patient so that the health of patients may be recovered naturally, as keeping the most comfortable circumstances.' But after then, the role and function of nurses about purpose and method of nursing has continuously been studied, as the social circumstance has been changed. The fact that care provider and client have the same concept about nursing is very important at the first step of assessment. But at the present time, the care provider and client have not same concept yet, so the difference of unrsing concept between care provider and client is analyzed in this study. This study would be belived to be helpful for the advance of nursing in the future. In this study, 20 questionare from nursing objectives developed by Abdellah(basic care needs, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs) are used for adult. The data of this study by the 6 point rating scale are analyzed by SAS as follows; 1. Respondent's view is that nursing is necessary in case of group(school or company) rather than private and in case of abnormal conditions rather than normal conditions. 2. Every questionares of nursing objectives are divided into 4 points of view such as basic care needs, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs are examined. The evaluation by 6 point rating scale revealed that $5.08\pm0.65$ point in basic care needs $4.93\pm0.68$ point in sustenal care needs $4.91\pm0.80$ point in remedial care needs and $4.61\pm0.91$ point in restorative care needs. While basic care needs and substenal care needs that need more physical care show high points, remedial care needs and restorative care needs that need more psychological, social and spiritual care show low points. 3. It was checked whether there is any significant difference between above 4 point of views in nursing objectives and qeneral characteristics or not. As a result, there is significant difference between 4 point of view and ages, educational level, marriage, composition of children. And also there is significant difference between religion and basic care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs. But there is no significant difference between any point of view and sex, occupation, experience of admission and experience of family admission. As this study is based on the data gethered from a restricted area, the result can not represent the opinion of all the clients. Therefore the same kind of study should be carried out on many areas repeatedly and also it should be tried to extract objective concept. And also periodical study is needed to observe the changing process of nursing concept.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.94-102
• /
• 2010

Objectives : Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder ; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. Methods : This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. Results : Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). Conclusion : These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.31 no.3D
• /
• pp.363-373
• /
• 2011

With rapid economic development, general demand and interest in surroundings that consist of our lives have grown gradually. In addition, as there has been increased social interest in creating landscape of roads, which considers all important factors from the user's view including accessibility, safety, and psychological stability, efforts to improve quality of roads are required. Therefore it is needed to establish standards on safe and comfort road design based on sensibility satisfaction of road users rather than based on standardized road design guidance from the engineering perspective. To this end, research was carried out to analyze sensibility satisfaction of users about road landscape focused on elements of road cross section in a city. It identified relation between sensibility satisfaction and the elements by using principal and cluster analysis, and the multiple regression models. It also found that user's satisfaction about roads and a road landscape is high with road width (3~5 meters), clear zone (2.2~3.9 meters), road central garden (1.05~1.9 meters), shoulder (0.55~1.43 meters), median (0.65~1.625 meters), the number of travel lanes (2~5), height of trees at the central garden (6.4~15 meters) and height of buildings surrounding roads (18~44 meters or 6~15 floors).

• Sijohaknonchong
• /
• v.44
• /
• pp.255-279
• /
• 2016

Ignominy are ashamed or that mind. It is noted that this article 'shame[恥]' will do for obtaining the social dynamics in some way in the literary aspect. To investigate this aspect, this article took the text produced on the basis of 'shame[恥]' to be analyzed. First, through the Sayuksin[死六臣]'s Sijo[時調], 'Shame[恥]' they have confirmed the room to go to form a sympathy by revealing without hidden. It is worth evaluating in common with these Sijo is that of justice or loyalty. But the parameters of evaluation described what people are rare. In this article, I saw the parameter to 'shame[恥]'. Second, through the Sijo created in the war of the middle age of Chosun Dynasty, I examined the aspect of 'anger' which sparked a shame[恥]. Thus shame[恥] is hard to change the world directly. However, the possibility that it can also be a psychological instrument was found to be sufficient. In conclusion, 'shame[恥]' is clearly greater tendency to dismiss as a private act of the heart. But, I understood that the negative region of 'shame[恥]' can be converted to positive region. At this time, The premise of 'shame[恥]' should always be oriented to justice.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.375-384
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to identify the amount of social support and quality of life perceived by elderly people in rural areas and to examine the relationship between social support and quality of life in an effort to provide the basic data for effective nursing intervention to enhance quality of life among elderly people. Data were collected from a sample of 220 elderly people aged over 60 from a stratified probability method from one rural area in South Jeolla province from Aug. 15 to Sep. 15, 2002. For data collection, pre-educated researchers visited the participants' homes and surveyed them face-to-face. The statistical analysis was performed using the SAS program along with t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation. The findings were as follows: 1. The most socially supportive people they answered were Spouses (57.28%), followed by children, friends/neighbors, in descending order. In terms of satisfaction about social support, the subjects felt the most satisfaction from spouses, followed by friends/neighbors, children, in descending order. 2. The participants' perceived social support was 26.0 and the highest score was 108.0 out of 125. Also, the average score and average grade point was 81.7 and 3.35, respectively. A comparison of the average grade points per items within sub-areas of social support revealed financial aid(3.56), informative support(3.34), emotional support (3.27), and evaluation support(3.22). 3. Their perceived social support had statistically significant differences in terms of how much they earned (F=18.56, p= .00001) and whether they had family members living together (F=2.68, p= .0512), quality of life had statistically significant differences in terms of how much they earned (F=35.34, p= 0.00001). 4. The quality of life they perceived was the lowest score 47.0, the highest score 196.0, average score 145.7, and average grade points 3.28. A comparison of the average grade points per items within sub-areas of quality of life revealed neighbor relationships(3.97), self-esteem(3.49), family relationships(3.35), economic conditions 3.12), physical health (2.98), and psychological health(2.74). 5. The relationship between the amount of the subjects' social support and quality of life was significantly correlated (r=.696, p< .001). The findings revealed that social support for elderly people in rural areas was a greatly effective factor on their quality, of life. Also, it was shown that the larger the social support for the elderly, the greater the quality of life for them. Therefore, it is necessary to foster geriatric nurse specialists and develop nursing intervention programs connected with health care and social wellbeing in order to enhance the quality of life of elderly people in rural areas. Also, it is necessary to develop effective models for community and its applications, which will playa leading role for elderly people.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.197-207
• /
• 2007

It has been reported that Back-Tension played a significant role in archery (Lee & Bondit, 2005; Kim, 2007) but there are a few researches related Back-Tension in Korea recently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate archery back tension technique for the second ranked archer in the World and to find ways to improve performance. A subject(height: 185cm, mass: 82kg, years: 21yrs, careers: 12yrs) who is a number of national team and the second ranked archer in the World authorized by FITA (Federation Internationale de Trial Arc) was perticipated in this experiment. When shooting 60 shots($12{\times}5$), shooting motions were recorded with 7 infrared cameras and 2 ultrahigh-speed cameras. A QTM and an Auto Track were used to acquire raw data. The sampling rates of both cameras were 200 Hz. and 1000 Hz. respectively and data were filtered using a fourth order Butterworth low pass filtering with a cutoff-frequency of 30Hz. The parameters were calculated with Matlab6.5 and analyzed with SPSS11.0. After Pearson's correlations between 8 parameters were analyzed, 5 parameters from 13parameters that affected records were analyzed with multiple regression analysis (Enter order: x1, x2, x3, x4, x5). The results were as follows: 1. Comparing between parameters according to scores, the patterns of horizontal and vertical angular velocity(av.) of scapular relative angle was different between 8 score and 9 or 10 scores. 2. The correlations of parameters that affected records were a horizontal av.(x1, p=.032<.05) and a vertical av.(x3, p=.033<.05) of scapular from release to delivery in KB back-tension (anchoring-delivery). 3. The decision coefficients(R2) of above two parameters and three parameters selected by experts that may affect record, that is, an absolute trunk angle(x4) from in KKC back-tension (anchoring-release) and a horizontal relative scapular angle(x2) and an absolute trunk angle(x5) from release to delivery in KB back-tension were 7.7%(x1), 0.1%(x2), 8.5%(x3), 0.7%(x4) and 0.9%(x5) in sequence. 4. The multiple regression equation was a y= -1.16E-2 x1 + 0.109 x2 + 3.437E-2 x3 + 6.139E-2 x4 + 0.117 x5 + 3.420 In conclusion, a total contribution was low, that is, R2(17.9%) suggested that on the one hand, Lim's motion may not depend on a certain factor because his postural factors affected shooting motion are some stable on the other hand, unknown factors may exist(e.g. psychological, physiological factors etc.). Further study of EMG patterns of muscles and anatomic consideration related to shoulder girdle and scapular bones may help to identify mechanism of Back-Tension.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.56
• /
• pp.9-30
• /
• 2018

Crime prevention strategies are introduced to reduce the loss caused by crimes, and Target hardening against domestic burglary attacks is broadly accepted as one of such physical security strategies. In terms of business and home security, target hardening is one of the suite of protective measures that are included in crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED). This can include ensuring all doors and windows are sourced and fitted in such a way that they can resist forcible and surreptitious from the attack of intruder. Target hardening with certified security doors, security windows and secure locks are revealed to be much more effective to deter burglary attacks than other security devices, such as CCTV, lightings and alarms which have largely psychological and indirect impact. A pilot program of target hardening utilizing certified security window and locks was carried out in Ansan city, South Korea in 2016. This study is based on the quasi-experimental design of this program for a residential area. The researchers tried to verify the crime displacement effect of the target hardening program and the diffusion effects of crime prevention benefits by analysing the crime statistics. The evaluation utilized WDQ(Weighted Displacement Quotient) technique to analyze whether the crime displacement occurred, compared the crime statistics of the experimental area with that of buffer zone and controlled areas. The result showed that the target hardening program was significantly effective in crime prevention. The number of burglary in the experimental site with target hardening intervention reduced by 100%, although the areas without the intervention showed reduction in the burglary. The crime displacement was not found at all, and the number of burlary at the buffer zone also reduced significantly.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.26 no.12
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2021

In this paper, we propose a BERGPT-chatbot, a domestic AI chatbot that can alleviate negative emotions based on text input such as 'Replika'. We made BERGPT-chatbot into a chatbot capable of mitigating negative emotions by pipelined two models, KR-BERT and KoGPT2-chatbot. We applied a creative method of giving emotions to unrefined everyday datasets through KR-BERT, and learning additional datasets through KoGPT2-chatbot. The development background of BERGPT-chatbot is as follows. Currently, the number of people with depression is increasing all over the world. This phenomenon is emerging as a more serious problem due to COVID-19, which causes people to increase long-term indoor living or limit interpersonal relationships. Overseas artificial intelligence chatbots aimed at relieving negative emotions or taking care of mental health care, have increased in use due to the pandemic. In Korea, Psychological diagnosis chatbots similar to those of overseas cases are being operated. However, as the domestic chatbot is a system that outputs a button-based answer rather than a text input-based answer, when compared to overseas chatbots, domestic chatbots remain at a low level of diagnosing human psychology. Therefore, we proposed a chatbot that helps mitigating negative emotions through BERGPT-chatbot. Finally, we compared BERGPT-chatbot and KoGPT2-chatbot through 'Perplexity', an internal evaluation metric for evaluating language models, and showed the superity of BERGPT-chatbot.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.222-237
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop an ACT group counseling program for the purpose of alleviating and healing the job stress and burnout of nursing care workers and to verify the effectiveness of the ACT group counseling program. To this end, the goal and theoretical model, content, operation and evaluation of the program were composed and applied according to the procedure. The main research results are as follows. First, as a result of measuring the job stress of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Second, as a result of measuring the level of job burnout of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Third, as a result of measuring the level of role conflict of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fourth, as a result of measuring the level of over-role of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fifth, as a result of measuring the level of role ambiguity of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. As a practical implication, by including the ACT theory and practice plan in various nursing care providers training courses, the ability to respond to job burnout and job stress is increased, and ultimately, by increasing the psychological flexibility of nursing care workers, the opportunity for essential change in attitude toward work and life describe what to provide.