• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 1989

In this study one aspect of consumer behavior in household equipment utilization was investigated the pattern, frequency, rate of washer use and their relation to the following factors a) Washer related factors : extent of the presence of desired characteristics, the evaluation of washer's intrinsic features and related household facilities. b) Psycho-social factors : attitude of energy conservation, preference & ability to wash by hand, standard of washing of the respondent homemaker. c) Socio-demographic factors : age, education level and employment status of homemaker, house-hold income, the presence of children under seven years, size of family, the presence of a paid help. The subjects of this study were 286 homemakers with washer in Seoul. Analysis methods were used to fuequency, one-way ANOVA, Gamma test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, t-test and multiple regression of SPSS program. The major findings are the following; 1) The pattern, frequency, rate of washe use appeared various in every household. 2) Extent of the presence of desired characteristics was very low and respondents evaluated their washer's intrinsic features moderate. 3) The pattern of washer use was affected by the evaluation of washer's intrinsic features, preference & ability to wash by hand, wife's employment and household income. The frequency of washer use was affected by family size and preference & ability to wash by hand. The rate of washer use was affected by extent of the presence of desired characteristics, the evaluation of washer's intrinsic features and preference & ability to wash by hand. Therefore, washing by hand is major substitute for washer. If more desired characteristics are added to washer, intrinsic features are improved, and maintenance costs are reduced or household income is raised, every houshold with washer will use washer more than washing by hand in washing ask so that it may gain more utility from washer.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.3 s.87
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• pp.1-23
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• 2007

This study provides basic materials that assist in marital counselling and marital therapy intervention through its analysis of the effects of marital communication and marital intimacy on psychological well-being and its systematic focus on middle-aged married men and women of social interest and importance. The subjects of this study were married men and women, aged 40 to 59, living in the metropolitan areas of Seoul and Kyeonggi; the study excluded those who were divorced, bereaved or whose last child was in over high school, but included those who were separated or in a second marriage. A total of 396 people, 134 men and 262 women, were included in the study. The major findings of this study are as follows. First, middle-aged married men recorded higher levels of marital communication and marital intimacy than middle-aged married women. While women showed higher levels of depression than men, there was no difference between men and women in terms of overall life satisfaction. Second, there were differences in marital communication, marital intimacy, and psychological well-being among middle-aged married men and women according to background variables. Third, marital communication and marital intimacy were shown to affect the life satisfaction of both middle-aged married men and women. Of the two, marital communication had more the influence. Marital communication also had the biggest influence on levels of depression among both middle-aged married men and women.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.45-50
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• 2016

This is a humanistic study to trace phenomena logically the comprehensive therapeutic mechanism of the human body which is coded by the smart emotion of the rated signal conveyed by the Rated Sijo. The Gestalt, which is structured in the form of therapeutic metastasis conveyed by sentences, is intended to embody the principle of human response. So, this researcher explored the metastatic structure toward Gestalt of original human being through the passage of foreground and background by ergonomic and chemical structure. In the meantime, this researcher focused on revealing the structure of the field of existence by the symbol system in which the therapeutic mechanism of the human body is embodied. As a result, the basic framework of Gestalt literary therapy, which contributes to the improvement of the Quality of Life metaphorized as a mechanism of the symbol system by the metastasis of literary therapy or the electrical operation of the human body. As a result, the human body as a conductor through literature has turned out to be an original Gestalt structure pursued by literature. In addition, it was analyzed that the human body would accept signals such as emotions and Rated Emotions planted in the sentence, and synapse them into the human physiological psycho analytical symbol system. Therefore, it has been confirmed possibility that human existent environment and trauma are separated from the whole universe can push fully implement therapeutic techniques toward totalization by a combination of literary devices, especially appropriate electric signal combination of the Rated Sijo.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.296-307
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to identify concretely how to improve inquiry learning. To put the purpose in detail : 1) to define the inquiry skills 2) to select the factors of inquiry skills appropriate to the content of Science I (earth science) textbook 3) to develop items which consist of experimental inquiry and concept inquiry in due proportion, to evalute inquiry skills 4) to analyze the relationship between high school students' cognitive levels and the achievement of science inquiry skills. To achieve these objectives, the investigator sampled 558 students in eleventh grade, living in Seoul, Chung-Ju and Kwang-Ju, and evaluated their cognitive levels and the achievement of science inquiry skills. The results of this study showed that the cognitive levels of students were lower than those identified in Piaget's work and that the achievement of science inquiry skills were low also. It may be thought that one of most important reasons to bring about those results is lacking in adaptation capability of science inquiry items and inquiry learning. So, it can be recommended as a way to heighten cognitive levels to make inquiry learning using the textbook content. In conclusion, the investigator make suggestions as follows : 1) to give inquiry learning which consist of experimental inquiry and concept inquiry in due proportion 2) to develop inquiry items to include content for evaluating inquiry learning, and test items for psycho-motor areas 3) to publish textbooks which motivate students' inquiry activities and develop their creative thinking, considering students' cognitive levels and inquiry skills.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.5-18
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• 2002

Purpose: Women have been often underdiagnosed and undertreated when they have as high mortality as men of ischemic heart disease, such as angina. One of the reasons of women's under treatment is associated with either vague, non-traditional symptoms or longer delay in seeking professional help when they experience ischemic heart disease. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of women's anginal pain induced by the treadmill test and to explore the potential relationship(s) between anginal pain and other psycho-physiologic factors. Methods: Of 22 female patients referred to treadmill test, 7 with positive finding participated in this study. Anginal pain in the past was analyzed by Rose questionnaire, whereas anginal pain induced by the treadmill test was identified by McGill pain scale, visual analogue scale and present pain index. Results: Women expressed more heaviness than sharp pain, and complained splitting more often than subjects in previous study that included both men and women. Pain intensity by VAS $3.64{\pm}3.94$, Pain rating index was $5.14{\pm}7.29$, present pain index was $1.57{\pm}1.81$, duration of pain was $5.14{\pm}4.8$ min. Exercise intensity was $6.0{\pm}4.63$ METs, exercise duration was $364.29{\pm}141.39$ sec, ST change was -2.0mm and rate of perceived exertion was $16.29{\pm}2.06$. The relationships between pain intensity and pain duration, ST segment changes were significant. Correlation among pain measures was significant. Conclusion: Generalization of these pilot findings may be inappropriate, and therefore, further larger study is needed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, clothing and cosmetics purchasing behaviors according to male consumer's age group. The research method was survey and subjects were 656 male consumers. The results were as follows. First, three factors (appearance importance awareness, appearance internalization, and slimness importance awareness) were emerged on sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Young age group showed higher level of appearance importance awareness and internalization than middle age group. Second, there were many differences on clothing purchasing behaviors by age variable. Young age group more importantly considered psycho-social purchasing motives, aesthetic selection criteria, and the internet as information source and purchasing place than middle age group. Whereas middle age group more importantly considered practical purchasing motives, practical selection criteria, and store display & salesman as information sources, and fashion outlet as purchasing place than young age group. Third, there were also many differences on cosmetics purchasing behaviors by age variable. Young age group used more and various cosmetics, and they more importantly considered skin improvement as purchasing motive, skin suitability and price as selection criteria, the internet as information source and purchasing place than middle age group. On the other hand, middle age group generally used fundamental cosmetics, and they more importantly considered skin protection as purchasing motive, quality as selection criterion, TV and store display & salesman as information sources, and discount store and cosmetics speciality store as purchasing places than young age group.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.419-435
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study was to suggest the design requirements for Korean naval duty uniforms by evaluating the physiological and psychological comfort while wearing the uniforms. Two sets of wear trials were conducted with summer uniforms(eight young males) and winter uniforms(seven other young males). The summer wear trial consisted of 10-min rest, 60-min exercise, and 10-min recovery at an air temperature($T_{air} $) of $33^{\circ}C$ and 62%RH, followed by 10-min recovery at a $T_{air} $ of $23^{\circ}C$ and 64%RH(total 90 min). The winter wear trial consisted of 20-min rest at $T_{air} $ $20^{\circ}C$ and 55%RH, 25-min rest, 30-min exercise, and 35-min recovery at a $T_{air} $ of 0oC and 43%RH(total 110 min). Rectal and seven skin temperatures, clothing microclimate, heart rate, oxygen consumption, total sweat rate, and subjective perceptions were measured during the wear trials. By evaluating the experimental results from the wear trials, we extracted the following psycho-physiological design requirements to improve the current Korean naval uniforms: (1) It is important to maintain the skin temperatures within their comfort range, which depends on the body region (higher than $30^{\circ}C$ in winter, but less than $35^{\circ}C$ in summer). (2) In summer, the feet should be protected from the high heat of the ship floor surface. (3) In summer, sweat from the back should be sufficiently absorbed and allowed to dry quickly.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aims to identify temperament and characteristics of cannabis and methamphetamine abusers for elucidating psycho-biological variables related to certain substance abuse. Methods : A total of 320 patients who registered in the 'Hepatitis C cohorts study of intravenous drug users' between March 2006 and March 2010 participated in this study. Data on demographic variables were obtained and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and measures for nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, depression and anxiety were assessed. After comparing TCI between cannabis, methamphetamine, and co-abusers, correlations between TCI and other clinical variables were examined. Results : The methamphetamine abuser group showed significantly higher scores in Novelty Seeking (NS2) and Harm Avoidance (HA3) in temperament than the cannabis abuser and co-abuser groups, whereas the cannabis abuser group had higher scores in purposefulness (SD2), congruent second nature (SD5), and self-directedness (SD) in character than the methamphetamine abuser group. In addition, temperaments and characters correlated with various psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions : We found the differences in temperament and characters among cannabis abusers, methamphetamine abusers. These findings might contribute to further understanding of mechanisms of cannabis and methamphetamine abuse.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2016

Purpose: To determine the socio-economic impact of gluten free diet (GFD) on Saudi children and their families Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which an online questionnaire was sent to all families registered in the Saudi celiac patients support group. We included only children (age 18 years of age and younger) with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease (CD). Results: A total of 113 children were included in the final analysis, the median age was 9.9 years; 62.8% were females. One hundred (88.5%) of the participating families reported that GFD food was not easily available in their areas, 17% of them reported that it was not available at all in their area. One hundred and six (93.8%) reported that the price of GFD food was very expensive and 70 (61.9%) families that the diet was heavily affecting their family budget. Significant social difficulties were reported among the participating families and their children including interference with the child's interaction with other children (49.6%), the families' ability to attend social gatherings (60.2%), the families' ability to eat in restaurants (73.5%), and the families' ability to travel (58.4%). Conclusion: There is significant negative socio-economic impact of GFD on children with CD & their families. Health care providers should be aware of these psycho-social difficulties and be well trained to provide a proper education and psychological support for these patients and their families.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3723-3730
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• 2012

Delay in help-seeking behaviour which is potentially preventable has a major effect on the prognosis and survival of patients with breast cancer. The objective of this study was to explore reasons for delay in seeking help among patients with breast cancer from the East Coast of peninsular Malaysia. A qualitative study using face-to-face in-depth interview was carried out involving 12 breast cancer patients who had been histo-pathologically confirmed and were symptomatic on presentation. Respondents were selected purposely based on their history of delayed consultation, diagnosis or treatment. All were of Malay ethnicity and the age range was 26-67 years. Three were in stage ll, seven in stage lll and two in stage lV. At the time of interview, all except one respondent had accepted treatment. The range of consultation time was 0.2-72.2 months with a median of 1.7 months, diagnosis time was 1.4-95.8 months( median 5.4 months )and treatment time was 0-33.3 months (median 1.2 months). The themes derived from the study were poor knowledge or awareness of breast cancer, fear of cancer consequences, beliefs in complementary alternative medicine, sanction by others, other priorities, denial of disease, attitude of wait and see and health care system weakness. Help-seeking behaviour was influenced by a complex interaction of cognitive, environmental, beliefs, culture and psycho-social factors. Breast cancer awareness and psychological counselling are recommended for all patients with breast symptoms to prevent delay in seeking clinical help.