• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.329-341
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• 2023

We surveyed the vegetation of an ecological landscape preservation area (legally protected conservation areas or national parks) and the surrounding areas of Mt. Cheonggye, Republic of Korea, to explore the conservation implications for preservation areas and surrounding transition areas. We calculated diversity indices to identify the properties of the preservation and surrounding areas that are relevant to conservation efforts. We then compared the plant community composition between the areas using field and quadrat surveys in the preservation and surrounding areas. The cover of the dominant species in all tree and herb layers was markedly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. The species richness indices were significantly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. Ordination using detrended canonical correspondence analyses showed that the cover of the dominant tree species and rocks could explain the distribution of plant species in the Cartesian space of the ordination. Our results demonstrate that physiognomically designated protected areas match well with ecological data based on diversity indices and ordination analyses and that disturbances in the areas surrounding the ecological landscape of preservation areas can have considerable impacts on plant diversity indices. Hence, the preservation and management of surrounding areas are essential conservation elements for protecting the entire ecological landscape of preservation areas.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.12-26
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• 2010

본 연구는 강원도 18개 시 군에서 지정한 보호수를 조사한 결과 425개소에 701주였다. 총 종수는 42종이며, 느티나무가 29%로 가장 많았고, 다음이 소나무 24%, 느릅나무 11%, 은행나무 5%의 순이었다. 강원도 보호수의 유형으로는 당산목, 정자목, 풍치목, 명목, 보목, 기형목 등으로 분류되었고, 당산목이 43%로 가장 많았으며, 다음이 정자목과 풍치목이 각 26%였다. 강원도 보호수의 수령은 300년 이상 되는 것이 51%(357주)였고, 수고는 20m 이상 되는 것이 53%(371주)였으며, 흉고둘레도 300 cm 이상인 것이 57%(400주)였다. 강원도의 보호수는 1982년 11월 13일에 69%가 지정되었고 나머지 31%는 2008년까지 꾸준히 지정되어 왔다. 영서와 영동지방의 보호수를 비교해 보면 영서지방이 종수가 8종이나 많았고, 영서지방에서는 느티나무가, 영동지방은 소나무가 많았다. 상록수와 외래종의 비율은 영동이 매우 높았으며, 이는 기후 등 환경 요인의 영향이라고 사료된다. 강원도 보호수의 입지 현황은 들판형이 29%, 동산형이 28%, 주택지 마을형이 25%의 순이었고, 근원부 현황은 초본류로 피복된 곳이 45%로 가장 많았고, 나지상태가 39%, 자갈 멀칭이 10%의 순이었다. 보호수의 생육 상태는 88%가 양호하였고 관리 상태는 약 70%가 비교적 잘 되어 있었으며, 30% 정도는 거의 방임상태였다. 토양분석 결과는 전국의 평균값과 큰 차이가 없었으며, 보호수 생육에 지장이 없었다. 전체적으로 종합해 보면 보호수의 생장에 토양으로부터의 문제는 거의 없는 것으로 보였으며, 보호수 주변에 이용시설 즉 쉼터나 소공원을 조성하여 주민의 휴식공간으로 이용하기 위한 환경의 개선이 요구된다. 또한 보호수의 보호를 위해 보호철책과 안내판의 설치 등이 필요하다고 판단되었으며, 지자체나 지역주민의 주기적인 관리와 정비와 함께 전문가들의 의견수렴과 행정적 지원이 필요한 것으로 생각되었다. 강원도의 전통과 역사성, 향토미, 학술적 이용 등에 바탕을 둔 계속적인 보호수의 지정이 필요하며, 보호수 지역의 이용과 관리방법의 개선 방안 등을 제시하는 것은 강원도 자연유산의 가치 제고를 위해 매우 중요하고 바람직한 일이라고 생각된다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2017

현대사회는 가정, 산업, 금융 등 다양한 분야에 IT 기술 기반 시스템이 도입되어 운영되고 있다. 사회의 안전을 보장하기 위해서는 사회 전반에 도입된 IT 시스템을 사이버 공격으로부터 보호해야하며, 이를 위해 시스템의 현재 보안상태를 이해하고, 점검하는 것은 사이버 공격에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 선결되어야 하는 과제이다. 본 논문에서는 보안 취약점을 점검하기 위해 사용되는 Game Theory 및 Attack Tree 방법론의 한계점을 분석하고, 두 방법론의 한계를 상호 보완한 보안 취약점 정량화 기법을 제안하여, 보다 객관적이고 체계적으로 보안 취약점을 점검할 수 있는 방법을 제공한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2005

This paper presents a vital area identification (VAI) method based on the current fault tree analysis (FTA) and probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) techniques for the physical protection of nuclear power plants. A structured framework of a top event prevention set analysis (TEPA) application to the VAI of nuclear power plants is also delineated. One of the important processes for physical protection in a nuclear power plant is VAI that is a process for identifying areas containing nuclear materials, structures, systems or components (SSCs) to be protected from sabotage, which could directly or indirectly lead to core damage and unacceptable radiological consequences. A software VIP (Vital area Identification Package based on the PSA method) is being developed by KAERI for the VAI of nuclear power plants. Furthermore, the KAERI fault tree solver FTREX (Fault Tree Reliability Evaluation eXpert) is specialized for the VIP to generate the candidates of the vital areas. FTREX can generate numerous MCSs for a huge fault tree with the lowest truncation limit and all possible prevention sets.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.803-815
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• 2017

In this study of the oak wilt disease that has occurred in a large scale in a protected area located near South Korea's metropolitan region, a detailed analysis has been conducted on the terrain, species and Diameters at Breast Height (DBH) of infected trees to identify the distribution of infection properties in the affected area. Taking into consideration the distribution of oak tree vegetation, a total of 4,640 quadrats in a size of 10 m by 10 m, have been set; and oak tree species, the DBH and infection damage per quadrat have been investigated. Geological properties have been analyzed according to elevation, slope, aspect and micro topography while a weighted value has been given according to the degree of infection in order to calculate an infection index. Through correlation analysis, the infection ratio of seriously-damaged and withered trees and the infection index have been analyzed with regards to the geological properties, tree species and DBH. The analysis shows that the disease tends to affect an area with medium elevation rather than those in the highest or lowest areas and that serious damage has been observed at rugged spots with a steep gradient (more than $30^{\circ}$). Although there has been no distinct tendency with regards to aspect, the infection ratio is relatively high in areas facing the north while the seriously-damaged and withered ratio are high in areas facing the south. In terms of micro topography, more damage has been spotted in valley terrain. Quercus mongolica has sustained more damage than other species. When it comes to the DBH, as seen in previous studies, large trees have suffered severe damage, but the analysis has also revealed conspicuous damage to medium trees with a DBH of 15-20 cm, which had not previously been considered at high risk.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2017

소나무는 우리나라에서 생태적, 사회 문화적으로 가장 중요한 수종으로 보호 이용되어 온 수종이다. 그러나 산림유전자원보호구역 내 금강소나무 고사가 발생하고 있어 명확한 원인 구명 및 대책 마련이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 금강소나무의 고사 원인 구명을 위해 시계열 항공영상을 이용하여 금강소나무 고사 발생 전수 조사를 실시하고 고사발생 지역에 대한 지형환경특성을 분석하여, 소나무 고사의 위치적 특성 및 이에 따른 기상 요인과의 연관성을 파악하였다. 그 결과, 2,600ha 연구 대상지 내에서 약 1,956본의 금강소나무 고사목이 추출되었다. 소나무의 고사는 소나무 생육지역에 비해 고도가 높고, 일사량이 많고, 지형습윤지수가 낮은 지역, 남 남서사면, 능선 부위, 풍노출도가 높은 지역에 집중되어 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 지역은 지형조건에 따라 영향을 받는 미기상 특성에 따라 고온과 건조 스트레스가 상대적으로 높은 지역으로 분류되는 지역이다. 기후변화에 따라 고온 건조 스트레스가 전반적으로 높아지고 있으며 취약지역을 중심으로 스트레스의 임계치를 넘으면서 고사현상이 발생하는 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 지형환경 특성을 바탕으로 MaxEnt 모형을 이용하여 소나무 고사 발생 위험 지도를 제작하였으며, 이는 향후 소나무 보호 관리 대책 수립에 활용될 수 있다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2021

Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) allow to solve the high demand for bandwidth due to the increase in the number of internet users and the explosion of multicast applications. To support multicast applications, network operator computes a tree-shaped path, which is a set of optical channels. Generally, the demand for bandwidth on an optical channel is enormous so that, if there is a single fiber failure, it could cause a serious interruption in data transmission and a huge loss of data. To avoid serious interruption in data transmission, the tree-shaped path of a multicast connection may be protected. Several works have been proposed methods to do this. But these works may cause the duplication of some resources after recovery due to a link failure. Therefore, this duplication can lead to inefficient use of network resources. Our work consists to propose a method of protection that eliminates the link that causes duplication so that, the final backup path structure after link failure is a tree. Evaluations and analyses have shown that our method uses less backup resources than methods for protection of a multicast connection.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2021

Mushroom survey and collection were conducted in the Dong Hua Sao National Biodiversity Conservation Area (DHSNBCA), which is located about 30 km east of Pakse and about 10 km south of the town of Paksong, Champasak Province of Lao-PDR, from from at the early July to October in 2019. During this periods, mushroom specimens were collected from 6 different locations, and then they were identified and classified into 103 species, 74 genera, 37 families, 15 orders and 6 classes by morphological and molecular analyses. The mushrooms belongs to Ascomycota were classified into 10 species, 6 genera, 4 families, 3 orders and 2 classes, while those belongs to Basidiomycota were classified into 92 species, 67 genera, 32 families, 11 orders, and 3 classes, respectively. In addition, 1 species of Myxomycota was also identified. Among these mushrooms, the most species-rich families are Marasmiaceae (17.3%), Polyporaceae (13.1%), Mycenaceae (8.9%), Agricaceae (8.3%), Xylariaceae (6.5%), Auriculariaceae (4.8%), Ganodermtaceae (3.6%), Dacrymycetaceae (3.0%), Meruliaceae (3.0%), Russulaceae (3.0%) and comprised 71.4% of the total specimens identified.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

Madhupur National Park (MNP) is one of the last remaining patches of old-growth natural Sal forest left in Bangladesh where the forest is tropical moist deciduous type. A study was revealed to assess the tree species diversity and composition in this area. For determining tree species the study was conducted through extensive random quadrat survey methods with $20m{\times}20m$ sized plots. Results of the study indicated that there were 139 tree species belonging to 100 genera and 40 families. The quadrat survey assessed the basal area, stem density, diversity indices and importance value index of the tree species having ${\geq}5cm$ D.B.H (Diameter at Brest Height). The basal area and stem density of the tree species were $20.689{\pm}1.08m^2/ha$ and $1412.93{\pm}64.27stem\;ha^{-1}$ while, diversity indices, i.e. Shannon-Wiener's diversity, Simpson's evenness, Margalef's species richness and Pielou's dominance indices indicated poor diversity in comparison to that of other PAs (Protected Areas) in South-Eastern region of Bangladesh. The structural composition based on height and D.B.H through reverse-J shaped curve indicated higher regeneration and recruitment but removal of trees of large growth classes. Sal (Shorea robusta) was the most dominant tree species that accounts 75% of the total tree individuals in the natural forest patches. However, some associates of Sal, i.e. Bhutum (Hymenodictyon orixensis), Gadila (Careya arborea), and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) etc. were seemed to be rare in MNP.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.169-192
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• 2021

Sacred groves are large areas of virgin or human-modified landscape with a diverse range of species that have been protected by local people for centuries due to cultural, religious beliefs, and taboo that the deities live in them and protect the villagers from various calamities. The present study was carried out for quantitative analysis of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in the four 36.86 ha sacred groves of Jhargram district in West Bengal. Tree species composition, population structure and regeneration status were analyzed by randomly establishing of 1 ha subplots within the sacred groves. Density, frequency, basal area, abundance, evenness, and other diversity indices were calculated for adult trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >31 cm. A total of 146 tree species belonging to 116 genera distributed in 44 families from 21 orders were recorded. Pterospermum suberifolium, family Malvaceae showed the highest Species Importance Value Index (SIVI, 21.33) and Fabaceae showed the highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI, 35.59) values respectively. Individuals are categorised into three groups, seedling, sapling and adult based on girth classes. The majority of tree species exhibited good (52.74%) regeneration followed by fairly (24.66%), poor (15.75%) and no regeneration (6.85%) respectively. With the healthy existence of the sacred grove, the overall population structure of tree species showed a strong regeneration potential. The current data will be useful in determining the current status of tree species and will be used by the forest department, politicians, and conservationists to establish management plans for the conservation of priority species in the region. Since the study areas were sacred groves, tribal members were keen to preserve them due to their religious significance.